(De)sign of the Times: Blurred Lines on Build Performance Liabilities

Design requirements are at the heart of any construction contract, and the precise formulation of applicable standards is crucial to evaluation of risk. Recent trends indicate that designers in the UK construction industry are assuming increasing levels of liability on build performance, with significant implications for coverage under professional indemnity insurance.

In Arbitration Appeal No 1 of 2021 [2021] CSOH 41, the Scottish Court of Session recently considered the interpretation of deemed design liability clauses, and upheld a provision imposing responsibility on a consultant for designs pre-dating its appointment and which had been proposed without its involvement. Whilst similar clauses may be given a narrower interpretation in a multi-disciplinary design context involving several third party consultants, the scope of such provisions should be carefully considered at the outset, to limit exposure and potential uninsured loss.

Reasonable Skill & Care vs. Fitness for Purpose

A contractor or professional with design responsibility should exercise reasonable skill and care, based on standards expected of an ordinary skilled person performing and professing to have that special skill, so that liability will not arise unless they have acted negligently.

Express contract terms often impose more onerous fit for purpose type obligations, providing a warranty that the works will conform to specified employer requirements. Liability arising from a higher contractual standard than that imposed by ordinary common law, including certification of compliance with specified design, will usually fall outside the scope of cover under professional indemnity insurance.

Strict liability can be implied in relation to design elements of work under a design and build contract (Viking Grain Storage v TH White Installations (1985) 3 Con. L.R. 52); or where the contractor is informed of the purpose for which the works are required and the employer relies upon the contractor’s skill and judgement (Greaves v Baynham Meikle [1975] 1 W.L.R. 1095).

Industry standard forms address the issue in different ways, with JCT contracts requiring reasonable skill and care, whilst all FIDIC contracts impose some degree of fitness for purpose obligation. This divergence in part reflects the usual approach in different industry sectors, with design and construction contracts for energy or infrastructure projects typically including output specifications capable of measurement through testing, as compared with the performance standard ordinarily assumed by an architect or other professional designer in the real estate development sector.

Conflicting Standards

In MT Højgaard v E.ON [2017] UKSC 59, the Supreme Court considered a contract containing both a reasonable skill and care obligation, and a warranty ‘tucked away’ in a technical schedule requiring a service life of 20 years. The latter took precedence, in circumstances where wind turbine foundations designed and installed by the defendant in accordance with the claimant’s requirements and certifying authority’s specification began to fail during the defects period, due to a subsequently identified error in a value in the authority’s specification. The case demonstrates that a contractor can be found to assume the risk if they have agreed to work to a design which would render the item incapable of meeting the performance criteria.

An obligation to ensure that works constructed in accordance with the build design “shall meet the requirements described in the Specification” may be construed as imposing strict liability, notwithstanding the designer having separately undertaken to exercise reasonable skill and care (Costain v Charles Haswell & Partners [2009] EWHC 3140). This depends on the particular contract wording, however, and conversely a design and build contract requiring a consultant to comply with a specific design, alongside an obligation to act with reasonable skill and care, may be construed on the basis that the obligation to comply with the specification is to be read as expressly or impliedly subject to the reasonable skill and care provision (MW High Tech Projects v Haase Environmental Consulting [2015] EWHC 152).

For complex contracts incorporating schedules from multiple sources, a priority of documents provision may be helpful to deal with potential inconsistencies.

Implementation of Design

Following on from the decision in SSE Generation v Hochtief Solutions [2018] CSIH 26, we are seeing an increase in professional indemnity disputes based on a distinction between preparation and implementation of design, with reference to the scope of ‘professional activities’ defined in the policy and declared in the proposal form.

In SSE Generation, a design and build contractor was held liable under the NEC2 contract for costs of repairing a tunnel collapse at the Glendoe hydroelectric power scheme in Scotland, due to breach of contract requirements on appropriate support for erodible rock encountered in a fault zone. The court decided by a majority that Hochtief could not rely on a limitation of liability for design defects, despite having exercised reasonable skill and care in preparing the design statement, as the damage was caused by implementation of design.

This conclusion was reached in light of specific contract terms and the interface between design and its implementation is highly fact sensitive (Bellefield Computer Services Ltd v E Turner & Sons Ltd [2002] EWCA Civ 1823), particularly in cases involving complex construction and engineering decisions.

Design Life

Construction contracts often require completed works to deliver a specified minimum ‘design life’.

The meaning of this concept was considered in Blackpool B.C. v Volkerfitzpatrick [2020] EWHC 1523, a case concerning alleged premature corrosion to a tram depot situated in a seafront location. The court referred to relevant British Standards on service life planning and structural design in concluding that an acceptable level of not “unusually onerous” maintenance is a key ingredient of performance expectations for individual parts of a building, and a specified design life implies that “major repairs” should not be needed during that period. The extent of standard maintenance will be a matter of fact and degree, which could be addressed in O&M manuals produced by the contractor.

Depending on the words used in the contract, several discrete obligations may be separately imposed and cumulatively applied to the design life and quality of particular components within a complex structure (125 OBS (Nominees1) v Lend Lease Construction [2017] EWHC 25).  

Conclusion

In view of ongoing hard market conditions, policyholders are understandably reluctant to accept requirements outside the scope of conventional insurance cover, with extensive negotiation on design risk allocation at the pre-contract stage often resulting in a form of compromise wording.

The nuanced approach adopted in recent court rulings demonstrates a blurring of lines between the traditional reasonable skill and care vs. fitness for purpose dichotomy, acknowledging that different standards can apply to various aspects of design under a single contract.

Designers should exercise particular caution in relation to deeming provisions in appointment documents and standard form contracts, imposing liability for plans initially developed by the employer or third parties.

To avoid ambiguity, contractors and consultants should expressly exclude fitness for purpose obligations where possible, and consider inclusion of contract terms defining the output of building design, with reference to intended maintenance procedures. Where exclusion of fitness for purpose obligations cannot be agreed, policyholders should talk to their brokers and insurers to obtain clarity about the extent to which any onerous contractual obligations are covered by their professional indemnity insurance.

Amy Lacey is a Partner at Fenchurch Law.


Covid-19 BI Update: Denial of Access – Access Granted?

“I doubt whether the Divisional Court could or would have taken the approach it did, had it had the benefit of the Supreme Court’s reasoning on causation.”

Lord Mance

The latest Covid-19 BI decision to arrive following the conclusion of the test case provides fresh hope for policyholders with denial of access clauses whose claims currently remain declined.

It will be recalled that the Divisional Court in the test case found that such clauses provided a “narrow, localised form of cover” which did not respond to the broader circumstances of the pandemic. Many policyholders were disappointed at the FCA’s decision not to appeal these rulings, and have subsequently argued that the Supreme Court’s ultimate conclusions on causation rendered the Divisional Court’s ruling an unsound authority for declining coverage under such clauses.

In an arbitral Award issued on 10 September 2021 by Lord Mance[1], clear support is provided for exactly that proposition.

The China Taiping Proceedings

In arbitration proceedings commenced by Fenchurch Law on behalf of a group of 183 hospitality policyholders against China Taiping Insurance[2], coverage was considered under two limbs of a Denial of Access clause which responded to:

b – the closing down or sealing off of the Premises or property in the vicinity of the Premises in accordance with instructions issued by the Police or other competent local authority for reasons other than the conduct of the Insured or any director or partner of the Insured or the condition of the Premises or the carrying out of repair or maintenance work at the Premises;

c – the actions or advice of the Police or other competent local authority due to an emergency threatening life or property in the vicinity of the Premises;”

The Issues

There were three key disputed issues. First, whether the existence of Notifiable Disease cover elsewhere in the policy (which did not extend to Covid-19) negated the possibility of the Denial of Access wording responding to the pandemic. Secondly, whether the requirement for an “emergency in the vicinity of the premises” in limb (c) meant that the clause could only respond to narrow, localised events, rather than national ones, per the Divisional Court decision in the test case. Thirdly, whether the UK Government was a ‘competent local authority’ within the meaning of the clause.

On the first issue, Lord Mance found in favour of the policyholders. The existence of the express notifiable disease cover elsewhere in the policy did not limit the cover under the prevention of access extension.  It was common for the coverage provided by various insuring clauses and extensions to overlap, and if insurers intended to exclude diseases from the scope of the prevention of access clause, they should have used clear language to do so.

On the third issue, Lord Mance agreed with insurers that the UK Government was not a “competent local authority” within the meaning of the clause, meaning that there could be no coverage under limbs (b) or (c) of the Denial of Access extension for losses caused by closures and other restrictions imposed by the UK Government in response to the Covid-19 pandemic. This issue was ultimately therefore fatal to the policyholders’ claim, which failed at the last hurdle.

Issue 2 – Emergency threatening life or property in the vicinity of the premises

On Issue 2, however, Lord Mance agreed with the policyholders, and despite the fact that it did not alter the outcome in this particular case, his discussion and conclusions on the issue are of potentially much broader significance and merit close examination.

Lord Mance noted that Clause 1(c) was drafted in materially identical terms to two of the representative sample of policy wordings considered in the test case, namely RSA 2.1 and 2.2. The RSA clauses required “an emergency likely to endanger life or property in the vicinity of the Premises”.

In the test case, the Divisional Court concluded in relation to RSA 2.1 and 2.2, that

There could only be cover under this wording if the insured could also demonstrate that it was an emergency by reason of COVID-19 in the vicinity, in that sense of the neighbourhood, of the insured premises, as opposed to the country as a whole, which led to the actions or advice of the government. […] it is highly unlikely that that could be demonstrated in any particular case[3].”

Similar conclusions were reached in relation to the other denial of access wordings under consideration, and the findings were not appealed to the Supreme Court.  In the arbitration, insurers unsurprisingly therefore relied on the Divisional Court’s judgment to resist coverage under limb 1 (c) of the China Taiping clause.

Lord Mance began his analysis of the issue by noting that, as an arbitrator, he must regard the Divisional Court’s approach to the NDDA clauses as being, at the very least, highly persuasive, and that it may even, on the face of it, bind him.  However, that was subject to, first, the relevant point having been squarely argued and decided in the Divisional Court, and second the Supreme Court’s judgment.

As to the first point, Lord Mance noted that the Divisional Court appeared to have reached its conclusions on the basis that RSA 2.1 and 2.2 were analogous with MSA 1.  However, in Lord Mance’s view, the China Taiping and RSA wordings were clearly distinguishable from the MSA 1 wording, in leaving open for consideration whether cover extends to an emergency outside the vicinity threatening life or property within the vicinity, in contrast with the MSA 1 wording that required that the emergency be within the vicinity of the premises.  It was unclear how far RSA had argued the point, but a requirement that the emergency be in the vicinity of the premises was central to the Divisional Court’s reasoning in relation to RSA 2.1 and 2.2.

In relation to the Supreme Court judgment, Lord Mance’s words speak for themselves:

“…although there was no appeal in respect of RSA2.1 and 2.2, I find the Supreme Court’s analysis of the operation of other wordings, and particularly its analysis of the correct approach to causation, hard to reconcile with the analysis of RSA 2.1 and 2.2 adopted by the Divisional Court in paragraphs 466 and 467.[…] Paragraphs 466 and 467 of the Divisional Court’s judgment indicate that it was the Court’s view of the causation required that ultimately dictated the likelihood of recovery under the relevant wordings.  The Supreme Court held that the Divisional Court had erred in significant respects in its understanding of the operation of causation under other policy wordings before it.  As I read its judgment, the Supreme Court also thought that its understanding would, at least prima facie, carry through generally into other wordings.”

“… the Supreme Court was, contrary to the Insurer’s submission, prepared to state quite generally that its general approach to causation was applicable across the whole range of wordings”

“That is particularly so, if the emergency may be outside the vicinity, so long as it threatens life or property within the vicinity.  But it is also so if both the emergency and the threat must be in the vicinity.  Once it is accepted that the emergency may at the same time be elsewhere and threaten life or property elsewhere, the Supreme Court’s analysis of the relevant elements of cover and its conclusion that a “but for” test of causation was inappropriate would seem readily transposable to a NDDA clause like Extension 1(c)”

“I therefore doubt whether the Divisional Court could or would have approached the matter as it did in paragraphs 466 and 467 had it had the benefit of the Supreme Court’s analysis.”

“The absence in the Arch wording of the words “in the vicinity” in relation to the emergency appears an inadequate basis on which to distinguish the Supreme Court’s approach in relation to that Arch wording from the present.”

Lord Mance apparently therefore concluded that he was not bound by the Divisional Court’s findings as far as relevant to Issue 2, and despite the negative outcome in the present case, set out a powerful and clear basis on which a case for coverage under the RSA 2.1 and 2.2 wordings (and others on similar terms, including the other denial of access wordings considered in the test case) might be made in reliance on the Supreme Court judgment.

Comment

Lord Mance’s comments in the China Taiping Award are far from the end of the story.  The Award is not binding on any third party, and despite his detailed and helpful analysis, Lord Mance found it unnecessary to issue any final ruling or declaration on the issue, due to his conclusions on the meaning of ‘competent local authority’ which were conclusive to the outcome of the proceedings.  Noting that the issue was complex, and because the Award was to be published and the issue may arise in other contexts, Lord Mance concluded that he should say “nothing more definite” about it.

But as an ex-Deputy President of the Supreme Court and the author of many seminal decisions on English insurance law, his clearly-expressed views on the matter will doubtless be influential in future judicial consideration of the issue, and will need to be studied closely by insurers and policyholders alike in considering the position under Denial of Access and other clauses where coverage is still in dispute.

A copy of the award can be accessed here.

[1] The arbitration proceedings were brought with the agreement of the insurer, who agreed to cover the costs of the proceedings, and not to seek its own costs from the policyholders regardless of the outcome.  Confidentiality in the arbitral award was also waived, meaning that it can be made public.

[3] Divisional Court para.467


Latest aggregation decision

In what will be a relief both to the victims of dishonest solicitor Linda Box (pictured, and christened by the press the "Gangsta Granny") and to her innocent partners in the former firm of Dixon Coles & Gill, the Court of Appeal handed down judgment today (06.08.21) in this important decision for those involved with solicitors' professional indemnity disputes. The Court of Appeal dismissed the insurer's appeal and instead confirmed the decision below that the various claims, emanating from Mrs Box's numerous thefts from numerous clients, did not arise from "one series of related acts and omissions" and thus did not aggregate. In short, the Court of Appeal held that each client's claim arose from the specific thefts which it had suffered, rather than all of the different clients' claims having arisen from the totality of the thefts. Put another way, a theft from client A did not cause client B's loss and vice-versa.

Adding salt to the insurer's wounds, the Court of Appeal did identify (at para. 82 of its judgment) an ingenious argument which might have worked in the insurer's favour, or at the very least have enabled it to survive what was an application for summary judgment and instead have the argument tested at a trial. However, the argument had formed no part of the insurer's submissions and the Court of Appeal held it was too late for it to be pursued.

The full judgment is here: https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2021/1211.html 

Jonathan Corman is a partner at Fenchurch Law


If your name’s not down…: no policy cover where developer incorrectly named

Sehayek and another v Amtrust Europe Ltd [2021] EWHC 495 (TCC) (5 March 2021)

A failure to correctly name the developer on a certificate of insurance has entitled insurers to avoid liability under a new home warranty policy.

The homeowner claimants had the benefit of insurance that covered them for the cost of remedying defects in their new build property at the Grove End Garden development in St John’s Wood.

Under the policy, “developer” was a defined term, being an entity registered with the new home warranty scheme from whom the policyholder had entered into an agreement to buy the new home, or who had constructed the new home.  Cover was available under the policy for the cost of rectifying defects for which the developer was responsible, but had not addressed for various reasons including its insolvency.

Following the discovery of significant defects at their property, the claimants sought to bring a claim under the policy.

The certificate of insurance named a particular company called Dekra Developments Limited (Dekra) as the developer.  Dekra was an established developer and had been registered with the new home warranty scheme since 2005. One of Dekra’s directors had confirmed to insurers that it was the developer of the Grove End Garden development. However, in fact, the developer was an associated company of Dekra set up for the purpose called Grove End Gardens London Limited.

Insurers therefore declined the claim on the basis that Dekra did not meet the policy definition of developer, being neither the entity named as seller on the sale agreement, nor the builder of the new homes. Its insolvency was not therefore a trigger for cover.

The homeowners sought to argue for an implied term extending the definition of developer to include its associated companies, and brought alternative claims based on estoppel and waiver.

Their claims did not succeed.  The court found that this was not a “misnomer” case, in that the claimants were not able to demonstrate that there was a clear mistake on the face of the certificate of insurance as an objective reading of the evidence was consistent with cover having been agreed between Dekra and the insurer.  Further, the proposed correction to imply the words “associated companies” was not a clear correction nor one that would be understood by an objective reader as needing to be made.

The alternative case based on estoppel and waiver also failed as no representation was made by the insurers to the effect that the cover extended to associated companies of Dekra.  Nor did the initial rejection of the claim by insurers on other grounds amount to a waiver of the right subsequently to refuse cover on a different ground.

While undoubtedly legally correct, this was a harsh result in circumstances where Dekra effectively held itself out as being the developer, both to insurers and the world at large. This case highlights some of the challenges claimants under new home warranty policies can face as a result of the fact that, despite being the policyholders and having the benefit of the insurance, they are not involved in placing the policies. Nor will they necessarily be aware of the complex corporate structures common in the construction industry, including the use by developers of special purpose vehicles for different projects. The mismatch between the entity named on the sale agreement and that referred to on the certificate of insurance may however be one that they, or their conveyancing solicitor, might have been expected to identify and query at the time of purchase.

Joanna Grant is a partner at Fenchurch Law


Covid-19 BI Update: The Curious Case of the Missing Declarations, and litigation round up.

It is now over five months since the Supreme Court handed down its largely policyholder-friendly judgment in the FCA Test Case, but for a majority of policyholders, the end is not yet in sight.

The FCA’s latest figures, published on 14 June 2021, indicate that, of 46,854 claims reported to have been accepted by insurers, or where a decision on coverage is still pending, only 34% (16,159) have so far been paid in full. Moreover, the data published by the FCA does not include numbers of claims declined by insurers which may be disputed by policyholders, and excludes ‘contracts of large risks’ [i]. Whilst giving an indication of the (some might say slow) progress being made by insurers in settling undisputed SME BI claims, the data does not therefore shed any light on areas of ongoing dispute.

Meanwhile, an examination of cases proceeding in the courts (including the Test Case itself) reveals that the stage is set for a raft of further litigation in relation to issues that were either undetermined in the Test Case, or where a degree of uncertainty persists.

Supreme Court Declarations

Most notably, the Supreme Court Declarations, giving effect to the rulings set out in the Supreme Court’s judgment of 15 January 2021, as applied to the 21 sample policy wordings under direct consideration in the Test Case, are still awaited. It is unfortunate (whilst not intended as criticism levelled in any particular direction) that the outcome of the Test Case has yet to be finalised in this way, following the herculean efforts of the Parties and the Court in bringing the case all the way from inception to the Supreme Court on such an expedited timetable.

The Supreme Court’s conclusions on the legal issues, as set out in its 114-page judgment of 15 January, might be thought to be clear and not susceptible to further dispute between the parties. However, the Draft Declarations, published by the FCA on 15 February 2021, setting out the outstanding areas of disagreement between the parties and the alternative versions of the Declarations sought by each side, shows that not to be the case.  In particular, the FCA and Insurers have clearly reached different views on what amounts to ‘restrictions imposed‘ according to the Supreme Court’s judgment, and the final form of Declarations will therefore be welcomed by policyholders and insurers alike in bringing some finality to the issue. The FCA last announced on 30 April 2021 that the Supreme Court Declarations ‘may be available’ in the next week, but has remained silent on the matter since then.

Other litigation – Coverage and Quantum

Whilst impressive in its scope, it was always acknowledged that the Test Case would not be capable of resolving all outstanding issues in relation to Covid-19 BI coverage. For some policyholders, the issue of whether their policy responds at all to losses flowing from the pandemic and the UK government response remains undetermined.  For others who have had coverage confirmed, the focus has now turned to the issue of how much insurers are liable to pay.  Unsurprisingly, that is frequently contentious, and affected by a number of common issues.

Coverage Issues

Specified Disease

The Disease clauses under consideration in the Test Case generally responded to any disease which is required to be notified to the authorities under the relevant public health legislation. Other, more restrictive Disease clauses only respond to losses caused by an occurrence or outbreak of one of a specified list of diseases, which in all cases did not include Covid-19. In Rockcliffe Hall v Travelers [1], the Court determined by way of summary judgment that such clauses are not capable of responding to Covid-19, rejecting the policyholder’s argument that Covid-19 was a form of ‘plague.’

See our update on the case here.

Damage to /Loss of Property

The Test Case itself considered coverage under ‘non-damage’ clauses i.e. extensions of cover responding to BI losses where no insured property damage has taken place. The issue of whether the presence of Covid-19 or Sars-Cov-2 on the premises could amount to or cause damage to or loss of property, thus triggering the core BI cover under most property insurance policies, fell for consideration in the early case of TKC v Allianz[2]. The Court held emphatically (again by way of summary judgment) that it could not. See our earlier update on the case here.

More recently, a claim filed by Xerox against FM Global[3] seeks to establish coverage for BI losses flowing from ‘physical loss or damage’, although that claim is being pursued as a satellite claim to litigation under a global master policy in the USA.  It is not yet clear the basis on which Xerox will invite the Court to depart from the principles set down in TKC v Allianz.

Prevention of Access

The High Court’s findings in the Test Case in relation to Prevention of Access wordings were, by and large, negative, and many policyholders were disappointed by the FCA’s decision not to appeal the negative rulings.  Following the outcome of the largely-successful appeal to the Supreme Court on other issues, the coverage position in relation to many Prevention of Access wordings now stands in stark relief to the position under the Disease wordings, and the findings of the High Court on which most insurers have now relied to decline coverage under Prevention of Access clauses are difficult to reconcile with the Supreme Court’s analysis of the covered peril and causation issues.

Unsurprisingly, many policyholders with Prevention of Access wordings are not content to abandon their claims, and a number of disputes are now moving forward to test the point further.  The first of these to be litigated is Corbin & King v Axa[4], in which the Policyholder seeks to establish that the Covid-19 pandemic amounted to a ‘danger or disturbance’ within 1 mile of the insured premises, resulting in closure on the advice of a public authority, and triggering coverage for BI losses under a Denial of Access (non damage) clause.

The outcome of that case – and any others that may be joined to or managed with it – is likely to be highly influential on the coverage available under other typical Prevention of Access wordings in the market, and will therefore be closely watched by parties on both sides of the fence.

Disease ‘at the Premises’

The dispute as to whether Disease clauses requiring an occurrence of disease at the insured premises are capable of responding to Covid-19 BI losses in the same way as ‘radius’ clauses rumbles on.  Following the conclusions of the Supreme Court on insured peril and causation, many Policyholders have argued that an occurrence of Covid-19 at their insured premises ought to be viewed as a proximate cause of loss in the same way as occurrences of Covid-19 within a specified radius of the premises (indeed some might say that an occurrence at the premises should be viewed as more proximate than occurrences away from the premises), and some insurers appear to have accepted coverage on this basis.  A majority have not, however, and it remains to be seen how the point will be resolved.

For its part, the FCA has clearly indicated that it considers the ‘at the premises’ wordings to be capable of responding in the same way as the ‘radius’ clauses, and has instructed insurers to include such wordings in their most recent submissions confirming those policy wordings that are now capable of providing cover for Covid-19 BI losses.  Whether insurers will go one step further in confirming indemnity under such policies without further litigation remains to be seen.

Quantum Issues

Aggregation

Non-damage BI extensions are typically sub-limited to 10% or less of the main BI sum insured, and in light of the scale of the losses suffered by many policyholders, the issue of how the sub-limits are available to meet the covered losses is therefore key.  If Insurers’ liability is limited to a single sub-limit of liability, the policyholder is unlikely to make a material recovery in relation to the majority of its losses.  If, on the other hand, the Policyholder can establish that it is entitled to recover multiple sub-limits of liability under the relevant non-damage BI extension(s), there may be better prospects of recovering all (or the majority) of its losses.  How the covered losses are ‘aggregated’ for the purpose of the application of sub-limits is highly dependant on the individual policy wording, but typically depends on whether the sub-limit is expressed as applying ‘per loss’, ‘per claim’, ‘per occurrence’, per ‘event’, or ‘per originating cause’.  There are many other variations and permutations of these words, and a long line of complex (and often contradictory) case law considering the meaning of these aggregating terms, typically in the context of war/terrorism, natural catastrophes, and professional risks. Of disease perils, there has been very little judicial consideration in the English courts, either in terms of aggregation or more generally, and unsurprisingly aggregation of Covid-19 losses is therefore set to be a key focus of the next wave of Covid-19 BI litigation.

Because of the peculiarities of specific policy wordings and the manner in which individual Policyholders have suffered loss, the issue of aggregation is less suitable for determination as a general market test case in the same way that the FCA sought to determine the coverage trigger issue.  Nonetheless, there will be various points of principle that, once determined, will be influential in the determining the outcome under a variety of different wordings (including reinsurance contracts.)   Various cases are now proceeding in the Commercial Court, in particular focusing on the issue of aggregation under the Marsh Resilience policy wording, one of the clear winners in the Test Case (where it was referred to as ‘RSA4’), and which contains occurrence-based aggregating wording.

Government Support

Many (if not all) policyholders have received some form of government support, in the form of grants, rates relief, and furlough payments over the course of the pandemic, and the issue of whether and how these amounts are to be applied to insurance claim calculations is hotly contested.  Insurers for their part insist that any receipt of government support goes to reduce the loss suffered by the policyholder, and therefore the value of any claim under the Policy.  Policyholders, in response, point out that government support payment are neither ‘Turnover’ nor a ‘Saving’ within most Policy definitions, and are not therefore to be taken into account within a typical Specification setting out the correct basis for calculating a BI indemnity under most policies. In light of the low sub-limits of liability available under most non-damage BI extensions, the suggestion by some insurers that failing to make deductions for government support results in a ‘windfall’ for policyholders, is viewed by many policyholders as insulting and a further example of insurers’ egregious attempts to limit their own liability.

The FCA has written to insurers expressing concern over the issue on several occasions, and the ABI has confirmed that some of its members have agreed not to deduct government grants from Covid-19 BI claims.  However, the position in relation to other types of support, in particular furlough payments, remains highly contentious and unlikely to be resolved without litigation. It is likely that one or more of the existing cases proceeding through the courts will seek to test the issue.

Loss of Rent

While the Test Case considered and determined which events connected with the Covid-19 pandemic were capable of triggering coverage, the case did not consider the matter of what type of loss is covered by the sample clauses. In most cases, policies respond to loss of Gross Profit in one form or another, but in the case of commercial landlords, coverage is often provided for Loss of Rent Receivable.  In relation to these policies, insurers have commonly taken the position that the landlord has not suffered a loss of Rent Receivable merely by virtue of the fact that its tenants have been unable to pay rent during periods of closure (due to a total lack of revenue); the landlord must also be able to show that the tenant has been relieved of its obligation to pay rent during the closure period, which in most cases will not be satisfied.   Otherwise, the insurers say, the loss should fall on the tenant (who may or may not have BI cover), and not the landlord.

Landlords may reasonably question the commercial utility of such clauses if their response is limited in the way insurers claim, as the coverage provided would in real life be largely illusory. The issue has fallen for consideration, somewhat obliquely, in two recent cases, that were also decided on summary judgment, unfavourably for policyholders. In Commerz Real Investmentgesellschaft MBH v TFS Stores Ltd[5] and Bank of New York Mellon (International) Ltd and v Cine-UK Ltd and others[6] it was determined that the government-ordered closure of various retail premises did not activate rent cessor clauses or otherwise relieve the tenants from their obligation to pay rent under the relevant lease. The tenant’s argument that the landlord held insurance for loss of rent was also rejected on the basis that the insurance policies were only designed to respond where the rent cessor clauses were activated, and the existence of the insurance did not therefore affect the obligations as between the tenant and the landlord.

The initial view of the courts therefore appears to be that commercial landlords will in most cases have no valid claim for a loss of Rent Receivable due to Covid-19 closures. However, considering that both cases were decided by a Master on summary judgment, and with the insurance coverage issue being determined very much as a secondary issue (the Master in one case expressing reservations over determining the issue with no insurer as a party to the case), the reasoning in the two judgments might be viewed as far from final, and in view of the importance of the issue to a large number of policyholders, it seems likely that the point will be further tested in the courts in the near future.

The Path Ahead

It is clear that the Covid-19 BI has not only given rise to a host of new coverage issues, but also reignited a number of traditional areas of dispute in the field, each of which is generating further litigation now emerging in the courts.  Although it will be regrettable for many policyholders that additional legal hurdles must be overcome before coverage of their claims can be established and or quantified, the further consideration by the courts of these issues in the round will, it must be hoped, lead to further clarification of the law underpinning business interruption insurance, and as such may be a welcome development in the longer term.

Aaron Le Marquer is a Partner at Fenchurch Law

[1] [2021] EWHC 412 (Comm)

[2] [2020] EWHC 2710 (Comm)

[3] Commercial Court Claim No. CL-2021-000138

[4] Commercial Court Claim No. CL-2021-000235

[5] [2021] EWHC 863 (Ch)

[6] [2021] EWHC 1013 (QB)

[i] i.e. where the policyholder exceeds the limits of at least two of the following three criteria: (i) balance sheet total: €6.2 million; (ii) net turnover: €12.8 million; (iii) average number of employees during the financial year: 250


Weathering the Hard Market: is your CAR Policy Watertight?

The increasing prevalence of water damage losses on construction projects, combined with hard market conditions, has led to a rise in disputes over insurance policy response for these types of events. Claims in consequence of cascading water from burst pipes or adverse weather conditions often give rise to disagreements over the occurrence and timing of ‘damage’, in order to trigger coverage under contract works policies, and a number of standard exclusion clauses may impact upon the level of protection.

Insuring Clauses

The legal test for damage requires proof of physical change to insured property, adversely affecting its value or usefulness. Authorities demonstrate a distinction between policies requiring ‘damage’ - which includes transient or reversible changes if time and money has been spent dealing with the problem (Ranicar v Frigmobile; The Orjula) - as opposed to policies with a ‘physical damage’ trigger, which may not respond in the absence of a permanent alteration in condition (Transfield Constructions v GIO).

The need for coverage in respect of temporary changes is particularly important in water damage scenarios, where the insured property could dry out relatively quickly. Insurers might suggest that no lasting damage remains, even if the policyholder has been put to considerable expense and inconvenience through a water ingress event, especially where guarantees relating to electrical elements of contract works may be invalidated.

It is sufficient for physical change to have occurred at a microscopic level, detectable only through careful examination using advanced inspection techniques, such as accumulation of dust on carpets (Hunter v Canary Wharf) or increased brittleness and liability to early degradation of a pastel painting following exposure to high temperatures (Quorum v Schramm).  Accumulations of water can result in physical changes to insured property in the form of rot or fungal spores, especially in close proximity to timber elements, although expert assistance may be required to identify the presence of this type of damage.

Exclusions from Cover

Contract works policies typically exclude cover for damage resulting from changes in the water table level, and may refer to fungus or rot alongside other naturally occurring processes as part of a gradual deterioration exclusion.

Another key aspect of the policy wording determining the scope of protection for water damage events are relevant defects exclusion clauses.  Contract works insurance usually contains a standard defects exclusion based on the DE or LEG suite of options, offering different levels of coverage for cost of repair associated with defective design, workmanship or materials.  Failed connections in water systems may involve a combination of design or workmanship problems, and the proximate cause of loss will often need to be identified to determine policy response.

DE5 or LEG3 usually provide the broadest coverage for losses in consequence of defects, to include costs incurred to gain access to property damaged as a result of defects, and excluding only the cost of improvements. Some policies provide an option as to application of DE5 or DE3 / LEG3 or LEG2, at the policyholder’s option at the claims stage, allowing flexibility to determine which alternative produces the most favourable outcome with knowledge of the particular circumstances arising.

Some standard exclusion clauses (such as DE4) provide cover for damage to ‘other property’ caused by defects, but not the defective ‘part’ itself, which often leads to disputes over divisibility of insured property between defective and non-defective parts. In general terms, the courts will look to the commercial reality of whether a particular aspect of the development would be viewed by contracting parties as a separate package or phase of works (Seele Austria).

The aggregation wording in the policy may also impact upon coverage for complex aspects of contract works, such as structures formed from separate sections or modular elements, with the possibility of insurers arguing that multiple ‘losses’ have occurred for purposes of the limits of indemnity and deductible.

Policy Conditions

Careful consideration should be given to policy conditions requiring particular steps to be taken in relation to risk mitigation and claims handling.

In order to establish breach of a ‘reasonable precautions’ condition, the insurer must prove recklessness i.e. the insured subjectively appreciated the risk but didn’t care or ignored it; mere negligence will not suffice (Sofi v Prudential).  This is distinguishable from policy requirements imposing positive continuing obligations on insureds to take specific actions, such as unoccupied buildings conditions. The recklessness threshold will not apply where there is “a highly defined and circumscribed set of particular safeguards which have to be put in place” (Aspen Insurance v Sangster).

Insurers are increasingly focused on water damage risk management procedures as part of the underwriting process, and may include specific provisions in the policy requiring compliance with e.g. CIREG best practice guidelines.  The inclusion of ‘conditions precedent’ should be resisted, with use of appropriate ‘best endeavours’ type language especially if works on site involve third party sub-contractors, so that compliance with the condition is not entirely within the policyholder’s control.

Conclusion

Advice should be sought from specialist brokers on potential improvements to the scope of insurance for contract works, with particular reference to the trigger for coverage, exclusion clauses and policy conditions. When a loss does occur it is important to investigate and document the condition of insured property without delay following a water damage incident, with expert input if required, to minimise the prospect of insurance disputes.

Amy Lacey is a Partner at Fenchurch Law


Fenchurch Law joins City law firms in commitment to levelling up on social mobility in the profession

A group of trailblazing City law firms including Fenchurch Law Ltd have published a pioneering action plan to boost social mobility and widen opportunities within the legal sector and launched a Levelling Up Law Coalition to deliver on the recommendations.

Fenchurch Law and fourteen other City of London Law Society (CLLS) member firms have been working with Rt Hon Justine Greening’s Social Mobility Pledge on a strategy to open up the sector to a diverse range of backgrounds.

The firms have collaborated with a number of universities across the regions, including Bradford, Staffordshire, Lincoln, York St John and Liverpool John Moores in a bid to create new and wider pathways from higher education into the legal sector.

The action plan sets out recommendations for leading law firms to work together on solutions that benefit the whole legal profession. Research shows that more diverse companies are now more likely than ever to outperform less diverse peers on profitability* and the plan looks at how the profession can tap into talent from a range of backgrounds.

The project has been led by former Government Minister, Member of Parliament and city Solicitor, Seema Kennedy OBE. Fenchurch Law and the other firms now plan to go further and play a leading role in Britain’s national recovery from coronavirus, opening up greater access to careers in the legal sector.

The publication of the action plan also marks the launch of the group of firms forming a Levelling Up Law Coalition, coming together to take leadership on the levelling up agenda through the lens of the legal sector.

Seema Kennedy said: “The pandemic has caused many young people to lose jobs or have their future opportunities restricted. Meanwhile, there is now a building demand and need for reskilling and career changes.

“What is now abundantly clear is that levelling up needs to go far beyond just government action, we need businesses to play their role if we are to succeed. Through this action plan, CLLS members have shown that they are committed to playing their part in boosting opportunity and social mobility as part of our recovery.”

David Pryce, Managing Partner, Fenchurch Law “Levelling Up Law is the most effective initiative that I’ve come across with regard to promoting social mobility within the legal profession. The project’s goal of creating true equality of opportunity is vitally important not just in terms of basic fairness, but also because law firms have for too long drawn on an artificially limited pool of talent.

“If the UK is to retain its place as a leading global legal market, it is essential we start to recruiting based on potential, and stop favouring people based on their background and upbringing.  Like most firms we have further to go on our journey to creating a truly diverse team, but I have no doubt that we will only be able to unlock our full potential once we do”.

*https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/diversity-and-inclusion/diversity-wins-how-inclusion-matters#


All round protection for brokers: how protecting the underwriter can protect your client and protect you!

ABN Amro Bank N.V. -v- Royal & Sun Alliance Insurance plc and others [2021] EWHC 442 (Comm) (‘ABN Amro’)

Our March 2021 article Insurers bound by the small print? I should cocoa! briefly noted that the judgment in ABN Amro  considered the scope of a broker’s duty to procure cover that meets the insured’s requirements and protects it against the risk of litigation. But what does that mean in practice, and can it really extend, as was argued in this case, to a duty to explain unusual clauses to underwriters?

One of the many roles brokers perform is in relation to policy placement, which role involves advising their clients and dealing with underwriters. As part of that exercise a broker must: (i) ensure that it understands its client’s instructions and in the event of uncertainty query, clarify or confirm the instructions given; (ii) explain to its client  the terms of the proposed insurance; and (iii) ensure that a policy is drawn up, that accurately reflects the terms of the agreement with the underwriters and which are sufficiently clear and unambiguous such that the insured’s rights under the policy are not open to doubt. It is well-established law that in the performance of these tasks, a broker must exercise reasonable care and skill.

If the coverage is unclear, the client will be exposed to an unnecessary risk of litigation, and the broker will be in breach of its duty.

The scope of this duty was considered in the recent ABN Amro Bank case. By way of brief factual background, the claimant bank provided instructions to its broker that it required cover against its clients defaulting under a finance agreement. The broker placed the risk with RSA under an all risks marine policy. A bespoke clause was added to the policy midway through the policy period which had been drafted by the bank’s external lawyers. The effect of the clause was to provide the equivalent of trade credit insurance.

When subsequently presented with a £33.5 million for financial losses suffered by the bank, the insurer refused cover on the basis that the clause had widened the scope of the policy beyond what a marine policy would ordinarily provide. That disputed claim resulted in litigation, as part of which the court had to consider the role of the broker and what it was required to do in order to fulfil its duty to arrange cover which clearly and indisputably met the client’s requirements, and did not expose the client to an unnecessary risk of litigation.

On the facts, it was held that:

  1. a reasonably competent broker would have advised its client from the outset that the credit risk market and not the marine insurance market was a more appropriate market in which to place the cover the bank had instructed it to obtain. Such advice would have enabled the bank to make an informed decision as to how to proceed;
  2. having gone to the incorrect market, it became important for the brokers to explain to the underwriters what the clause was intended to cover; and
  3. any reasonably competent broker would have specifically pointed out the clause to the underwriters and talked through the amended wording and its implications.

The broker argued that this effectively imposed an unprincipled “duty to nanny”. The court clarified that there was nothing in its reasoning or conclusions which was intended to suggest that brokers generally owe duties to their clients to explain particular clauses, including unusual clauses, to underwriters.

Rather, in order to fulfil its duty to obtain cover that met the bank’s requirements and did not expose it to an unnecessary risk of litigation, and thereby protect its client’s position, the broker needed to give information to underwriters and discuss the implications of that information.  In doing so, it would avoid problems which would potentially arise in the future if underwriters did not share the bank’s understanding of the unusual clause.

As such, the requirement did not amount to a duty to protect underwriters, it was about the steps that needed to be taken to fulfil the duty of a broker to protect its own client.

Having failed to take those steps, on the facts of this case the broker was in breach of its duty and consequently liable to the underwriters and the bank for costs.

In this case, protecting the underwriter was a necessary part of protecting the client, and, in turn, protecting the broker from the consequences of failing to obtain cover that met its client’s requirements.

Authors

Joanna Grant, Partner


Fenchurch Law awarded “Gold” for client care experience

We’re delighted to announce that Fenchurch Law has achieved a ‘gold’ award from the independent Investor in Customers (IIC) assessment process for a fourth year running.

IIC is an independent client experience agency which conducts client experience assessments, helps develop insights into client satisfaction, and awards annual accreditations. IIC also compares the views of staff and senior management to identify how embedded the customer is within the company’s thinking.

Comments from Fenchurch Law clients included:

 “They have always been a solid, consistently high-quality business, who add genuine value for policyholders”.

“I have been very impressed by Fenchurch Law in all my dealings with them. I particularly value the fact that, unlike the majority of the large law firms, they never act for insurers and accordingly there is no conflict of interest”.

“Fenchurch Law is clearly passionate about what it does. They have given invaluable advice to me and my clientele and I would recommend and have recommended them to many clients and contacts”.

“Great to have a customer facing law firm with the level of expertise Fenchurch Law has”.

“The service that they offer is a real value add to my clients so a great strategic partnership”.

Sandy Bryson, Director at IIC, commented: “Investor in Customers has been working with Fenchurch Law for 4 consecutive years. Every year, the firm has demonstrated that it provides its clients with an exceptional experience attaining IIC’s highest award for client experience, Gold, each time. There is, and always has been, a genuine passion and culture within the whole Fenchurch Law team to continue to improve its service to all its clients and to consistently deliver the highest quality outcomes for them. It is such a pleasure to work with the firm.”

David Pryce, Managing Director at Fenchurch Law added: “Providing an exceptional service is one of our key principles. Improving outcomes for our policyholder clients is number one priority and we are confident that the IIC process will help us improve every aspect of our service in the future”.


‘Deliberate acts’ exclusion disapplied: Supreme Court decision on Public Liability

The Supreme Court has rejected attempts by an insurer to rely upon an exclusion clause under a public liability policy, in a case arising from the death of a customer following an assault by door staff at a bar in Aberdeen.

The security company’s insurance provided cover for accidental injury or death, but excluded "deliberate acts wilful neglect or default".  The policy was governed by English law and there was no suggestion of any difference in approach under the law of this jurisdiction or Scotland in relation to the issues on appeal. The customer’s widow claimed against the insurer pursuant to the Third Party (Rights against Insurers) Act 2010, following liquidation of the security company employer, based on vicarious liability for wrongful acts of its employees.

The Supreme Court held that a “deliberate act” was something carried out with the intention of producing the insured outcome i.e. in this case, acts intended to cause injury.  In reaching this conclusion, their Lordships recognised the commercial context of the policy to cover the business of “Manned Guarding and Door Security Contractors”, including unintended consequences of incidents at the bar door, which commonly involve deliberate physical acts.  If every intentionally performed act was classed as deliberate for purposes of the exclusion, there would be no coverage for many accidental injuries the policy was designed to insure.

The same was true if “wilful neglect or default” was construed as extending the exclusion clause to acts embarked upon with reckless disregard for the consequences, in the sense of proceeding despite a known risk of injury, or not caring if such a risk may arise.  Interpreting the exemption in that way would seriously limit the cover provided and lead to a “commercially unlikely exclusion, given the nature of the [insured]’s business”.

There was no determination in the earlier proceedings of intention to injure, or even recklessness, and it is not the role of appellate courts to make findings of fact.  Following ejection from the bar due to intoxication, the customer hit out at security staff and was taken in a neck hold for up to three minutes, resulting in death from asphyxiation.  In sentencing remarks, Lady Wolffe found that the employee’s actions were: “badly executed, not badly motivated you believed you were acting in defence of your fellow door stewards and to minimise the danger you felt Mr Grant posed to others.”

The insurer was therefore unable to avoid liability. Following a series of pro-policyholder decisions, this appears to be another example of the Supreme Court’s willingness to take account of public policy considerations to avoid stripping insurance contracts of much of their content, and confirms that exclusion clauses will be construed based on the words used in their “documentary, factual and commercial context”, in accordance with principles set out in Wood v Capita Insurance Services Ltd [2017].

The decision is helpful for policyholders in demonstrating that conscious performance of an act with intention to cause insured damage must be established, in order to trigger a deliberate acts exclusion, and mere recklessness will not suffice.  Whilst recklessness will be enough to prove breach of a reasonable precautions condition (Fraser v Furman [1967]), insurers face a higher evidential threshold in relation to ‘deliberate acts’.

Burnett or Grant v International Insurance Company of Hanover Ltd [2021] UKSC 12

https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/docs/uksc-2019-0121-judgment.pdf

Amy Lacey is a partner at Fenchurch Law