{"id":399,"date":"2024-03-28T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-03-28T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.hostingsystems.co.uk\/uk\/blog\/2024\/03\/28\/establishing-liability-under-the-tpria-2010\/"},"modified":"2024-08-21T16:38:27","modified_gmt":"2024-08-21T15:38:27","slug":"establishing-liability-under-the-tpria-2010","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-uk\/establishing-liability-under-the-tpria-2010\/","title":{"rendered":"Establishing Liability under the TPRIA 2010"},"content":{"rendered":"

A recent decision of the Scottish Court of Session (Outer House), Scotland Gas Networks plc<\/em> v QBE UK Limited & QBE Corporate Limited<\/em> [2024] CSOH 15, gives helpful guidance on the operation of the Third Parties (Rights against Insurers) Act<\/em> 2010 (\u201cthe 2010 Act\u201d).<\/p>\n

Background <\/strong><\/p>\n

Scotland Gas Networks plc (\u201cSGN\u201d) operated a pipeline running adjacent to a quarry, operated by D Skene Plant Hire Limited (\u201cSkene\u201d). A landslip occurred at the quarry, causing damage to part of the pipeline. SGN claimed the damage was a result of quarrying operations carried out by Skene. It had to divert the pipeline away from the quarry and incurred costs in doing so.<\/p>\n

SGN brought a claim against Skene for \u00a33 million for damage to the pipeline. A decree by default was granted against Skene, as a result of failing to appear at a procedural hearing.<\/p>\n

Skene was insured under a public liability policy (\u201cthe Policy\u201d). SGN claimed against the defendants (\u201cInsurers\u201d) under Section 1(4) of the 2010 Act (which gives third parties rights against insolvent persons) as Skene was in liquidation.<\/p>\n

The TPRIA<\/strong><\/p>\n

Under Section 1(2) of the 2010 Act, the rights of a \u201crelevant person\u201d (i.e. the insolvent insured party) are transferred to the third party who has suffered loss for which the relevant person is liable.<\/p>\n

Section 1(3) of the 2010 Act states that an injured party can bring proceedings against an insurer without first establishing the insured\u2019s liability.<\/p>\n

For the purposes of Section 1(4) of the 2010 Act, liability is proven only if the existence and amount of liability are established<\/u> by way of a judgment or decree, arbitral award, or binding settlement).<\/p>\n

The main issues explored in this case were:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Whether the decree by default \u201cestablished\u201d Skene\u2019s liability?<\/li>\n
  2. Whether SGN\u2019s claim against Skene was excluded by terms of the Policy?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Did the decree by default \u201cestablish\u201d Skene\u2019s liability?<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Insurers\u2019 Argument<\/u><\/p>\n

    Insurers argued that the granting of a decree by default did not establish liability under the Act. This was on the basis that the decree granted to SGN established the loss<\/u> suffered, but did not establish the actual liability<\/u> of Skene. Insurers relied on case law applicable to the Third Parties (Rights against Insurers) Act 1930 (\u201cthe 1930 Act\u201d) suggesting that it is necessary to show how Skene was liable to SGN. In addition, Insurers argued that establishing liability must take into consideration the merits of the dispute.<\/p>\n

    SGN\u2019s Argument<\/u><\/p>\n

    SGN argued that Insurers\u2019 position did not take into account the innovations of the 2010 Act and the effect of Section 1(3), which meant that proceedings could be brought without liability being established. Under the 1930 Act, the insured\u2019s liability to a third party had to be established by judgment, arbitration or agreement before proceedings could be brought. By contrast, Section 1(4) of the 2010 Act already addresses how that liability is established. Sub-section 1(4)(b) confirms that this can be established by a decree and therefore the old case law referred to by Insurers was irrelevant.<\/p>\n

    The Decision<\/u><\/p>\n

    The Court noted that there are two elements to Section 1(4) when considering the establishment of liability:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Firstly, the existence of liability and the amount; and<\/li>\n
    2. Secondly, how the existence and amount of liability is established.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Both these elements were satisfied based on the existence of Skene\u2019s liability in the amount of \u00a33 million, established by decree.<\/p>\n

      Therefore, it rejected Insurers\u2019 arguments that \u201cestablish\u201d requires a consideration of the merits and instead concluded that \u201cestablish\u201d does not require any additional elements apart from those contained in Section 1(4).<\/p>\n

      Was SGN\u2019s claim against Skene excluded?<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Clause 3.1.1 of the Policy provided that Insurers would indemnify the policyholder for loss resulting from damage or denial of access.<\/p>\n

      Insurers\u2019 Argument<\/u><\/p>\n

      Insurers argued that liability founded upon a decree by default was not covered; and that the decree effected a \u201cjudicial novation\u201d which meant that the rights SGN were enforcing against Skene through litigation were replaced with the right to enforce the decree, which did not fall within Clause 3.1.1. Further, Insurers argued that the pipeline had not suffered \u201cdamage\u201d as defined under the Policy, and that instead SGN was claiming for pure financial loss. Clause 7.11 of the Policy contained an exclusion for financial loss not consequent upon bodily injury or property damage.<\/p>\n

      SGN\u2019s Argument<\/u><\/p>\n

      SGN argued that the terms of the decree were \u201cin full satisfaction of the summons<\/em>\u201d and this meant that the liability which the decree created fell under Clause 3.1.1 of the Policy. The requirements for Section 1(4) had been satisfied and this superseded the judicial novation. Insurers were wrong to say that financial loss consequent upon damage to property of a third party fell within the scope of the exclusion, taking into account the express provision for indemnity with respect to denial of access liabilities.<\/p>\n

      The Decision<\/u><\/p>\n

      The Court concluded that the decree by default \u201cestablished\u201d Skene\u2019s liability to SGN for purposes of Section 1(4), and that Skene\u2019s liability arguably fell within the scope of the Policy. A decree by default cannot be viewed in isolation, and in this case it was granted in an action brought by SGN against Skene. A judicial novation could not extinguish the underlying liability for the purposes of Section 1(4) of the 2010 Act. The Insurers\u2019 motions for dismissal were rejected and SGN\u2019s overall claim under the Policy was held over to trial.<\/p>\n

      Impact on Policyholders<\/strong><\/p>\n

      The decision is helpful for policyholders in demonstrating that a judgment (or decree, in the Scottish parlance) in default will suffice to establish liability for purposes of a claim under the 2010 Act. The statutory provisions operate as an exception to the general rule that insurers are entitled to \u2018look behind\u2019 underlying claims to evaluate policy indemnity based on a merits assessment of legal liability, highlighting the risks faced by insurers where insolvent insureds fail to defend incoming claims in full, or at all.<\/p>\n

      Ayo Babatunde<\/a> is an Associate at Fenchurch Law.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      A recent decision of the Scottish Court of Session (Outer House), Scotland Gas Networks plc v QBE UK Limited & […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":90,"featured_media":400,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[271],"class_list":["post-399","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","tag-professional-risks"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nEstablishing Liability under the TPRIA 2010 - Fenchurch Law UK<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-uk\/establishing-liability-under-the-tpria-2010\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Establishing Liability under the TPRIA 2010 - 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