{"id":339,"date":"2023-08-23T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-08-22T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.hostingsystems.co.uk\/uk\/blog\/2023\/08\/23\/the-good-the-bad-the-ugly-100-cases-every-policyholder-needs-to-know-21-the-good-pan-atlantic-insurance-co-ltd-v-pine-top-insurance-co-ltd-1984\/"},"modified":"2024-08-21T16:44:48","modified_gmt":"2024-08-21T15:44:48","slug":"the-good-the-bad-the-ugly-100-cases-every-policyholder-needs-to-know-21-the-good-pan-atlantic-insurance-co-ltd-v-pine-top-insurance-co-ltd-1984","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-uk\/the-good-the-bad-the-ugly-100-cases-every-policyholder-needs-to-know-21-the-good-pan-atlantic-insurance-co-ltd-v-pine-top-insurance-co-ltd-1984\/","title":{"rendered":"The Good, the Bad & the Ugly: #21 (the Good). Pan Atlantic Insurance Co Ltd v Pine Top Insurance Co Ltd"},"content":{"rendered":"

Welcome to the latest in the series of blogs from Fenchurch Law: 100 cases every policyholder needs to know. \u00a0An opinionated and practical guide to the most important insurance decisions relating to the London \/ English insurance markets, all looked at from a pro-policyholder perspective.<\/p>\n

Some cases are correctly decided and positive for policyholders. \u00a0We celebrate those cases as The Good.<\/p>\n

In our view, some cases are bad for policyholders, wrongly decided and in need of being overturned. \u00a0We highlight those decisions as The Bad.<\/p>\n

Other cases are bad for policyholders but seem (even to our policyholder-tinted eyes) to be correctly decided. \u00a0Those cases can trip up even the most honest policyholder with the most genuine claim. \u00a0We put the hazard lights on those cases as The Ugly.<\/p>\n

#21 (the Good): Pan Atlantic Insurance Co Ltd v Pine Top Insurance Co Ltd <\/em>[1984]<\/strong><\/p>\n

The House of Lords’ decision in Pan Atlantic Insurance Co Ltd v Pine Top Insurance Co Ltd<\/em> [1994] 2 Lloyd\u2019s Rep. 437 (\u201cPan Atlantic<\/em>\u201d) is significant, as it established inducement as an element of non-disclosure.<\/p>\n

In Pan Atlantic,<\/em> the House of Lords examined the law on materiality as set out in the case of Container Transport International Inc. v. Oceanus Mutual Underwriting<\/em> Association (Bermuda) Ltd.<\/em> [1984] 1 Lloyd\u2019s Rep. 476 (\u201cthe C.T.I. <\/em>case\u201d).\u00a0 The C.T.I.<\/em> case had confirmed that a material circumstance was one that would have influenced the judgment of a notional \u201cprudent insurer\u201d in fixing the premium or determining whether he would take on the risk as compared with one which had affected the actual underwriter\u2019s decision-making process.<\/p>\n

The leading speech in Pan Atlantic<\/em> was given by Lord Mustill.\u00a0 As he noted, critics of the C.T.I.<\/em> case had thought it was too harsh.\u00a0 The decision meant that, when an insured had made a material non-disclosure or misrepresentation, the insurer would be entitled to avoid the policy, even where its underwriter would still have written the risk, albeit on different terms, or even where the underwriter was entirely unaffected by the non-disclosure.\u00a0 The harshness of the C.T.I.<\/em> case led critics to question whether the materiality test should be altered so that only misrepresentations or non-disclosures that would have \u201cdecisively influenced\u201d a prudent insurer would be material.<\/p>\n

The majority in Pan Atlantic<\/em> rejected the proposed \u201cdecisive influence\u201d test.\u00a0 They examined the words in s 18(2) of the Marine Insurance Act 1906, which said:<\/p>\n

\u201cEvery circumstance is material which would influence the judgment of a prudent insurer in fixing the premium, or determining whether he will take the risk\u201d. <\/em><\/p>\n

Lord Mustill said that the words \u201cinfluence the judgment of a prudent insurer<\/em>\u201d \u201cdenotes an effect on the thought process of the insurer in weighing up the risk<\/em>\u201d.\u00a0 The words in s 18(2) referred to the underwriter\u2019s decision-making process rather than the final decision that was made.\u00a0 As such, the \u201cdecisive influence\u201d test was rejected.<\/p>\n

The words of the 1906 Act have more or less been repeated in the Insurance Act 2015, which states that:<\/p>\n

\u201ca circumstance or representation is material if it would influence the judgment of a prudent insurer in determining whether he will take the risk and, if so, on what terms\u201d. <\/em><\/p>\n

(See our article \u201cGuilty as charged? Berkshire Assets (West London) Ltd v AXA Insurance UK PLC<\/em>\u201d<\/a>, which discusses materiality.)<\/p>\n

While the materiality test was left largely undisturbed, the majority found that inducement should be introduced as an element of non-disclosure or misrepresentation.\u00a0 Lord Mustill said:<\/p>\n

\u201cThere is to be implied in the Act of 1906 a qualification that a material misrepresentation will not entitle the underwriter to avoid the policy unless the misrepresentation induced the making of the contract, using \u201cinduced\u201d in the sense in which it is used in the general law of contract.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

The need for inducement was in line with the common law position for misrepresentation generally.\u00a0 Lord Mustill noted that there was no equivalent common law for non-disclosure.\u00a0 However, given that in the insurance context misrepresentation and non-disclosure are very similar concepts, the inducement test should, he said, apply also to the latter.\u00a0 He then went on to say:<\/p>\n

\u201cA circumstance may be material even though a full and accurate disclosure of it would not<\/em> in itself have had a decisive effect on the prudent underwriter\u2019s decision whether to accept the risk and if so at what premium.\u00a0 But\u2026if the misrepresentation or non-disclosure of a material fact did not in fact induce the making of the contract (in the sense in which that expression is used in the general law of misrepresentation) the underwriter is not entitled to rely on it as a ground for avoiding the contract\u201d. <\/em><\/p>\n

Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n

This case was plainly \u201cgood<\/em>\u201d for policyholders.\u00a0 The introduction of the inducement test meant that it was more difficult for an insurer to avoid a policy if there had been a material non-disclosure.\u00a0 As mentioned above, before introducing the inducement test, an insurer only needed to show that the non-disclosure was material.\u00a0 Since Pan Atlantic<\/em>, an insurer has also needed to establish that the non-disclosure either affected whether it would have written the policy at all or at least affected the terms it offered.<\/p>\n

The inducement test espoused in Pan Atlantic <\/em>has now been codified in s 8(1) of the Insurance Act 2015, which provided that:<\/p>\n

\u201c(1) <\/em>The insurer has a remedy against the insured for a breach of the duty of fair presentation only if the insurer shows that, but for the breach, the insurer\u2014<\/em><\/p>\n

(a) <\/em>would not have entered into the contract of insurance at all, or<\/em><\/p>\n

(b) <\/em>would have done so only on different terms<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n

It had initially been suggested that inducement could be presumed where it has been proven that the non-disclosure or misrepresentation was material.\u00a0 However, in Assicurazioni Generali v ARIG\u00a0<\/em>[2003] Lloyd\u2019s Rep IR 13 it was held that there is no such presumption.\u00a0 Therefore, when an insurer avoids a policy because of an alleged material non-disclosure or misrepresentation, that is not the end of the road.\u00a0 To prove inducement, evidence from the underwriter is generally required.\u00a0 Without such evidence, the insurer will face difficulties proving that the underwriter would not have written the risk.\u00a0 The contents of underwriting guidelines and the underwriter\u2019s track record are likely to be highly relevant.<\/p>\n

Grace Williams<\/a> is an Associate at Fenchurch Law<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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