{"id":2389,"date":"2026-02-25T14:37:29","date_gmt":"2026-02-25T14:37:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-uk\/?p=2389"},"modified":"2026-02-25T14:37:29","modified_gmt":"2026-02-25T14:37:29","slug":"when-policies-collide-untangling-other-insurance-clauses","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-uk\/when-policies-collide-untangling-other-insurance-clauses\/","title":{"rendered":"When Policies Collide \u2013 Untangling \u201cOther Insurance\u201d Clauses"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>At our recent London Symposium, Associate Abigail Smith discussed the potential challenges posed by other insurance clauses in insurance policies. The session covered:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The genesis of these clauses;<\/li>\n<li>The types of other insurance clauses used to limit an insurer\u2019s liability in the event of double insurance; and<\/li>\n<li>How competing other insurance clauses are interpreted, in practice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>What is double insurance?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Double insurance occurs when the same party is insured with two or more insurers in respect of the same interest on the same subject matter against the same risk. In other words, it occurs where an insured\u2019s loss is covered under two or more separate policies. Whilst it can be a commercially prudent guard against insurer insolvency, it most often arises inadvertently (for example, where a composite policy overlaps with dedicated cover).<\/p>\n<p><strong>The common law position<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Under common law, a policyholder that is double insured for its loss can claim against whichever policy or policies it chooses, in whichever order it chooses, subject to each policy\u2019s limits. Then, to ensure the risk is fairly distributed between insurers, the paying insurer is entitled to claim a contribution from the non-paying insurer (a principle known as rateable contribution \u2013 <em>Drake v Provident<\/em> [2003]).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Industry challenges<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Unfortunately, the common law position gives rise to some complicated issues.<\/p>\n<p>The main issue is that, because there is no general rule or common law duty requiring a policyholder to disclose that it is double insured, unless an insurer asks the question directly, or notification of other insurance is a condition of the policy, a paying insurer may not be aware that they are entitled to claim a contribution.<\/p>\n<p>Adding another layer of complexity, the limitation period for bringing a contribution claim is two years from the date that the right accrued under section 10(1) Limitation Act 1980. That date, which is likely to be the date of a judgment, settlement or arbitration award, is not necessarily when an insurer becomes aware that they are entitled to a contribution. In fact, with no duty to disclose, it is possible for limitation to expire without an insurer ever knowing that it had been entitled to a contribution.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Types of \u201cother insurance\u201d clauses<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>It was in recognising these challenges that the industry came up with a solution: other insurance clauses, which are standard clauses in insurance policies which limit an insurer\u2019s liability in circumstances where another policy covers the same loss.<\/p>\n<p>In <em>The National Farmers Union Mutual Insurance Society Limited v HSBC Insurance (UK) Limited<\/em> [2011], Gavin Kealey KC identified 3 main types of other insurance clauses, being:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Escape Clauses<\/strong> \u2013 those that exclude cover altogether in the event that another policy covers the same loss.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Excess Clauses<\/strong> \u2013 those that state that the policy will only respond in excess of any other insurance.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rateable Proportion Clauses<\/strong> \u2013 those that limit an insurer\u2019s liability in proportion to the total cover available.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Abigail explored how each type of clause is interpreted, and how competing clauses interact, in practice.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Escape Clauses<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Owing to the fact that Escape Clauses seek to exclude cover altogether in the event of double insurance, there was at the outset the potential for policyholders to be left without any cover at all where two or more policies each included an Escape Clause.<\/p>\n<p>That issue was addressed in <em>Weddell v Road Transport<\/em> [1932], with the Court ruling that it would be unreasonable to leave a policyholder without any primary cover in circumstances where multiple policies were in place and multiple premiums had been paid. As such, where two or more policies include an Escape Clause, they will cancel each other out so that the policyholder can claim against whichever policy (or policies) it chooses (essentially reverting to the common law position).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Excess Clauses<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The same question was more recently considered in<em> Watford Community Housing v Athur J Gallagher Insurance Brokers Limited<\/em> [2025], this time in respect of Excess Clauses. Ultimately, the Commercial Court held that, because \u00a0Excess Clauses also seek to avoid primary liability in the event of other insurance, they cancel each other out in the same way that Escape Clauses do.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Escape Clause v Excess Clause<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Whilst there\u2019s no English authority addressing a scenario in which two or more policies include competing Escape and Excess Clauses, Australian caselaw does provide some assistance.<\/p>\n<p>In <em>Allianz Insurance Australia Ltd v Certain Underwriters at Lloyds of London <\/em>[2019] the New South Wales Court of Appeal held that competing Escape and Excess Clauses would also cancel each other out on the basis that both seek to avoid primary liability in the event of double insurance \u2013 an Escape Clause seeks to avoid any liability, whilst an Excess Clause recognises only a secondary one.<\/p>\n<p>The New Zealand courts, by contrast Abigail noted, have on one occasion reached the conclusion that an Escape Clause will prevail (albeit relying heavily on the insurance provisions in an underlying contract). As such, the outcome will always come down to the specific policy wording and the wider context; \u201c<em>there is no universal hierarchy that automatically applies.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Rateable Proportion Clauses<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The final type of other insurance clause limits an insurer\u2019s share of the loss in proportion to the policy limit. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>An insured incurred \u00a3900,000 of loss covered under two separate policies.<\/li>\n<li>Policy A with a limit of \u00a31m, and Policy B with a limit of \u00a32m.<\/li>\n<li>Policy A\u2019s insurer would be liable for 1\/3 of the loss (their \u00a31m portion of the total \u00a33m insured), which is \u00a3300,000, and Policy B\u2019s insurer would be liable for 2\/3 which is \u00a3600,000.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If Policy A contained a Rateable Proportion Clause, and Policy B was silent, Policy B\u2019s insurer would have to pay the whole of the loss and then claim a contribution from Policy A\u2019s insurer.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rateable Proportion Clause v Escape \/ Excess Clause<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Unlike Escape and Excess Clauses, Rateable Proportion Clauses acknowledge that an insurer does have a primary liability in the event of other insurance, albeit a limited one. For that reason, an Escape or Excess Clause will prevail over a Rateable Proportion Clause.<\/p>\n<p>If Policy A included a Rateable Proportion Clause whilst Policy B included an Escape Clause, the effect of the Escape Clause is that there would be no double insurance and Policy A\u2019s insurer would be liable for the loss without being entitled to claim a contribution from Policy B\u2019s insurer.<\/p>\n<p>Whilst there has been some controversy over how an Excess Clauses might compete with a Rateable Proportion Clause (<em>Austin v Zurich <\/em>[1944]), in <em>NFU v HSBC<\/em>, Gavin Kealey KC sought to clarify the position. He remarked that, as a matter of construction, an Excess Clause should prevail over a Rateable Proportion Clause because a Rateable Proportion Clause recognises that an insurer has a primary liability in the event of double insurance, whereas an Excess Clause does not.<\/p>\n<p>Abigail produced the table below as a starting guide for interpreting competing clauses, but was careful to note that the position will always depend on the policy wording, and the wider context.<\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/when-policies-collide-untangling-other-insurance-clauses\/picture1-2\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-2286\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2286\" src=\"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Picture1-300x151.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"151\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Remaining questions<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>One issue that the courts are yet to address is whether, where an insured has multiple policies forming a horizontal primary layer of cover, followed by an excess layer that sits above, the entire horizontal layer must be exhausted before the excess policy responds.<\/p>\n<p>The issue hasn\u2019t arisen in caselaw to date, but Abigail remarked that it will be interesting to see how the courts approach the question when the times comes.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Key takeaways<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The good news, for policyholders, is that the courts have so far refused to entertain any scenario in which an insured is left without primary cover.<\/p>\n<p>That doesn\u2019t mean, Abigail warns, that other insurance is an insurer\u2019s problem. In circumstances where an Escape or Excess Clause prevails, an insured can be left without access to a policy that it paid a premium for, and which may well be preferable on its terms. Similarly, the disadvantage of Rateable Proportion Clauses from an insureds point of view is that the risk of insurer insolvency transfers back to the insured.<\/p>\n<p>For those reasons, it is worth understanding whether there is another policy that responds to a risk and, if so, how any other insurance provisions might be interpreted.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Author<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/people\/abigail-smith\/\">Abigail Smith<\/a>, Associate<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>At our recent London Symposium, Associate Abigail Smith discussed the potential challenges posed by other insurance clauses in insurance policies. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":95,"featured_media":727,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[195],"class_list":["post-2389","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","tag-financial-commercial-risks"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>When Policies Collide \u2013 Untangling \u201cOther Insurance\u201d Clauses - Fenchurch Law UK<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-uk\/when-policies-collide-untangling-other-insurance-clauses\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"When Policies Collide \u2013 Untangling \u201cOther Insurance\u201d Clauses - Fenchurch Law UK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"At our recent London Symposium, Associate Abigail Smith discussed the potential challenges posed by other insurance clauses in insurance policies. 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