{"id":210,"date":"2021-02-12T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-02-12T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.hostingsystems.co.uk\/uk\/blog\/2021\/02\/12\/the-good-the-bad-the-ugly-100-cases-every-policyholder-needs-to-know-12-the-ugly-tesco-stores-ltd-v-constable-ors\/"},"modified":"2024-08-21T17:02:52","modified_gmt":"2024-08-21T16:02:52","slug":"the-good-the-bad-the-ugly-100-cases-every-policyholder-needs-to-know-12-the-ugly-tesco-stores-ltd-v-constable-ors","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-uk\/the-good-the-bad-the-ugly-100-cases-every-policyholder-needs-to-know-12-the-ugly-tesco-stores-ltd-v-constable-ors\/","title":{"rendered":"The Good, the Bad &#038; the Ugly: 100 cases every policyholder needs to know. #12 (The Ugly). Tesco Stores Ltd v Constable &#038; Ors"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Welcome to the latest in the series of blogs from Fenchurch Law: <em>100 cases every policyholder needs to know. <\/em>An opinionated and practical guide to the most important insurance decisions relating to the London \/ English insurance markets, all looked at from a pro-policyholder perspective.<\/p>\n<p>Some cases are correctly decided and positive for policyholders. We celebrate those cases as\u00a0<em>The Good.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Some cases are, in our view, bad for policyholders, wrongly decided, and in need of being overturned. We highlight those decisions as\u00a0<em>The Bad.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Other cases are bad for policyholders but seem (even to our policyholder-tinted eyes) to be correctly decided. Those cases can trip up even the most honest policyholder with the most genuine claim. We put the hazard lights on those cases as\u00a0<em>The Ugly.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>At Fenchurch Law we love the insurance market. But we love policyholders just a little bit more.<\/p>\n<p>#12 (The Ugly)<\/p>\n<p><em>Tesco Stores Ltd v Constable &amp; Ors<\/em> [2008] EWCA Civ 362<\/p>\n<p>The case considered the scope of the cover provided by a <em>\u201ccontractual liability\u201d<\/em> extension in a third party liability (\u201cTPL\u201d) policy (\u201cthe Policy\u201d).<\/p>\n<p>The claim by Tesco against its TPL insurers arose out of the collapse of a railway tunnel which had been built for Tesco in order to accommodate the construction of a new supermarket on top.\u00a0 The railway line was owned by Network Rail, but the trains were operated by Chiltern Railways (\u201cChiltern\u201d).\u00a0 Luckily no one was injured by the collapse, but the track owned by Network Rail was damaged.\u00a0 No property owned by Chiltern was damaged, but as a result of the damage to the track it suffered a significant loss of profits due to the interruption of its services.<\/p>\n<p>Tesco had entered into a Deed of Covenant (the \u201cDeed\u201d) with Chiltern, under which Tesco agreed to indemnity Chiltern for losses caused by the construction work for the new supermarket, including loss of profits.\u00a0 Following the collapse Chiltern made a substantial claim against Tesco under the Deed for its lost profits.\u00a0 Tesco, in turn, sought indemnity for its liability to Chiltern under its TPL policy.<\/p>\n<p>Ordinarily, TPL policies cover policyholders for claims in tort by third parties, and are triggered by damage to or interference with property, or by bodily injury.\u00a0 TPL policies don\u2019t ordinarily cover contractual claims, or claims for pure economic loss.\u00a0 The insuring clause in the Policy was in standard terms, and provided that:<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0\u201cThe insurer will indemnify [Tesco] against all sums for which [Tesco] shall be liable at law for damages in respect of:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Death of or bodily injury to or illness or disease of any person;<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>loss of damage to material property;<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>obstruction, loss of amenities, trespass, nuisance or any like cause.\u201d<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>However, the Policy also contained the following extension, headed \u201cContractual Liability\u201d, which said that the Policy would cover <em>\u201cliability under a contract or agreement\u2026which would not have attached in the absence of such contract\u201d <\/em>(\u201cthe Extension\u201d).<\/p>\n<p>On its face the Extension appeared to significantly increase the scope of the cover provided by the Policy.\u00a0 As Chiltern\u2019s claim against Tesco was a contractual claim which wouldn\u2019t have attached in the absence of the Deed, Tesco (not entirely unreasonably) assumed the Extension meant that the Policy would cover Tesco\u2019s liability to Chiltern.\u00a0 Tesco\u2019s TPL insurers disagreed, and the point was ultimately determined by the Court of Appeal.<\/p>\n<p>The Court of Appeal made clear that the Extension was not a separate insuring clause, and that in order for the Extension to apply it was necessary for Tesco to demonstrate that the claim for which it sought indemnity fell within the insuring clause of the Policy in the first place.\u00a0 Whilst the Court of Appeal was satisfied that the phrase <em>\u201cliable at law for damages\u201d<\/em> in the insuring clause was sufficiently wide to encompass contractual claims, unfortunately for Tesco the Court took the view that the remainder of the insuring clause made clear that the Policy was intended to respond only to the types of liability that would ordinarily be covered by a TPL policy because: (i) each of the types of loss referred to in the sub-paragraphs of the insuring clause would all give rise to ordinary tort claims; and (ii) the causation phrase <em>\u201cin respect of\u201d<\/em> meant <em>\u201cfor\u201d<\/em>, rather than something looser such as <em>\u201cin connection with\u201d <\/em>so that the loss covered by the Policy had to have been directly caused by one of those standard tort types of loss, and not just be more loosely connected to it.<\/p>\n<p>It was not, therefore, sufficient that Chiltern\u2019s loss of profits was related to damage to someone else (Network Rail)\u2019s property.\u00a0 The Court of Appeal decided that the Extension did no more than provide cover for contractual liabilities which were co-extensive with Tesco\u2019s tortious liabilities.\u00a0 As Tesco had no tortious liability to third parties (such as Chiltern) for loss of profits, the Policy therefore didn\u2019t respond.<\/p>\n<p>We can\u2019t criticise the reasoning of the Court of Appeal in <em>Tesco<\/em>, and we don\u2019t suggest that the case was wrongly decided.\u00a0 However, the decision is problematic for policyholders for two reasons.\u00a0 Firstly, from a policyholder\u2019s point of view the Extension doesn\u2019t <em>\u201cdo what it says on the tin\u201d<\/em>, and it would not be obvious to a policyholder that a contractual liability extension needs to be read carefully alongside a different clause in the policy altogether in order for its meaning to be understood.\u00a0 Secondly, when combined with standard TPL insuring clauses, contractual liability extensions don\u2019t actually provide much additional benefit, so that the apparent benefit is in reality something of an illusion.<\/p>\n<p>However, the Court of Appeal\u2019s reasoning does point to two potential \u201cfixes\u201d to the problem, from the policyholder\u2019s perspective, in both cases by amending the insuring clause.\u00a0 The first fix is to include in the list of the types of loss covered by the Policy something other than losses that would result from ordinary tort claims.\u00a0 That may seem too radical an approach for a TPL policy (although wordings do exist which take approach), and so an approach that may be easier for policyholders to achieve would be to replace the phrase <em>\u201cin respect of\u201d<\/em> in the insuring clause with something something looser, like <em>\u201cin connection with\u201d<\/em>, or <em>\u201cin any way related to\u201d<\/em>.\u00a0 That would allow TPL policies to give full effect to contractual liability extensions, so that they cover contractual liabilities which are <em>connected<\/em> to property damage (and so not entirely unrelated to what a TPL policy is intended to do), but which aren\u2019t directly caused by property damage. \u00a0Had Tesco\u2019s policy been drafted in that way, the contractual liability extension would then have covered Tesco\u2019s liability for Chiltern\u2019s loss of profits claim.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Authors<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fenchurchlaw.co.uk\/people\/rob-goodship\/\">Rob Goodship<\/a>, Senior Associate<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fenchurchlaw.co.uk\/people\/tobynabarro\/\">Toby Nabarro<\/a>, Associate<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Welcome to the latest in the series of blogs from Fenchurch Law: 100 cases every policyholder needs to know. An [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":75,"featured_media":211,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[133],"tags":[247],"class_list":["post-210","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly","tag-construction-risks"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Good, the Bad &amp; the Ugly: 100 cases every policyholder needs to know. #12 (The Ugly). 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