{"id":1468,"date":"2024-11-06T02:04:06","date_gmt":"2024-11-05T18:04:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/?p=1468"},"modified":"2024-11-07T18:09:20","modified_gmt":"2024-11-07T10:09:20","slug":"when-adjectives-matter","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/when-adjectives-matter\/","title":{"rendered":"When adjectives matter: How \u2018Accidental\u2019, \u2018Sudden\u2019 and \u2018Unforeseen\u2019 affect all-risks insurance cover"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Construction and engineering projects, being subject to a wide variety of risks, are invariably insured on an all-risks basis via Construction All-Risks (\u201c<strong>CAR<\/strong>\u201d) or, in the case of projects involving the installation of plant or machinery, Erection All-Risks (\u201c<strong>EAR<\/strong>\u201d) policies. Following practical completion, the relevant works are typically insured via property damage and\/or machinery breakdown insurance; such cover is similarly procured on an all-risks basis.<\/p>\n<p>All-risks policies often comprise (at least) two sections:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Section 1, which covers damage to insured property (i.e., material damage cover); and<\/li>\n<li>Section 2, which covers liability of insureds to third parties (i.e., third party liability cover).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This article is concerned with the material damage cover section of all-risks policies and considers how the words \u2018accidental\u2019, \u2018sudden\u2019 and\/or \u2018unforeseen\u2019 modify the scope of cover under that section.<\/p>\n<p><strong>MATERIAL DAMAGE COVER: THE PRINCIPLE OF FORTUITY <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Material damage cover does not indemnify against all forms of loss to insured property. Instead, it covers only fortuitous loss or damage. The principle of fortuity has been equated with \u2018accidental damage\u2019; an event would be \u2018accidental\u2019 if it occurred by chance and was non-deliberate: see <em>Leeds Beckett University v Travelers Insurance Company Limited<\/em> [2017] EWHC 558 (TCC) (\u201c<strong><em>Leeds Beckett<\/em><\/strong>\u201d) at [199].<\/p>\n<p>The principle of fortuity applies regardless of whether the words \u2018all-risks\u2019 appear in the insuring clause. The insuring clause of the material damage section of a CAR policy might therefore simply state that:<\/p>\n<p>\u201c<em>\u2026 insurers will indemnify the Insured in respect of physical loss or damage to the <\/em><em>Insured Property arising from any cause except as hereafter provided.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n<p>It is, however, not uncommon for an insuring clause to include the adjectives \u2018accidental\u2019, \u2018sudden\u2019 or \u2018unforeseen\u2019 (or some combination of the three). For CAR policies, the requirement for \u2018sudden\u2019 and\/or \u2018unforeseen\u2019 loss is less commonly seen in the UK, but is still often encountered in the APAC region. For instance, the insuring clause of the material damage section of the Munich Re standard form CAR wording, which is commonly used in Singapore and Malaysia, provides that:<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u2026 <em>if at any time during the period of cover the items or any part thereof entered in the Schedule shall suffer any <u>unforeseen and sudden<\/u> physical loss or damage from any cause, other than those specifically excluded, in a manner necessitating repair or replacement, the [insurer] will indemnify the Insured in respect or such loss or damage \u2026<\/em>\u201d (emphasis added)<\/p>\n<p>We consider below whether the words \u2018accidental\u2019, \u2018sudden\u2019 and\/or \u2018unforeseen\u2019 introduce any further requirements (in addition to the basic requirement of fortuity) for there to be cover for material damage.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2018ACCIDENTAL\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>It is less common for the insuring clause for material damage cover to impose a requirement for \u2018accidental\u2019 damage. This stands in contrast to the insuring clause for third party liability cover, which frequently responds to damage or injury \u2018accidentally\u2019 caused by the insured.<\/p>\n<p>That said, a requirement for \u2018accidental\u2019 damage may in some cases find its way into the material damage cover section of a policy. For instance, in <em>Leeds Beckett<\/em>, the word \u2018damage\u2019 was defined for the purposes of the relevant CAR policy as \u201c<em>accidental loss or destruction of or damage<\/em>\u201d; this meant that the material damage cover of that policy would respond only in the event of \u2018accidental\u2019 damage.<\/p>\n<p>The requirement for \u2018accidental\u2019 damage would not usually change the default scope of cover. In other words, it remains the case that the loss need only be fortuitous in order for the material damage section of a policy to respond. As noted in <em>Leeds Beckett<\/em>, the principle of fortuity already encompasses the concept of accidental loss, and common law jurisdictions have generally been content to treat the two as being synonymous.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2018SUDDEN\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u2018Sudden\u2019 imports a different meaning than \u2018fortuitous\u2019. Accordingly, the use of the word \u2018sudden\u2019 in the material damage section of a policy narrows the scope of cover; the loss or damage must at minimum be \u2018sudden\u2019 (in addition to being \u2018fortuitous\u2019) in order for the policy to respond. Case law sheds the following light on the meaning of \u2018sudden\u2019.<\/p>\n<p><u>First<\/u>, it is the loss or damage itself, rather than the cause of said loss or damage, which must be \u2018sudden\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>An example of the distinction between a cause and the resulting loss and damage can be seen in the Singapore High Court case of <em>Pacific Chemicals Pte Ltd v MSIG Insurance<\/em> [2012] SGHC 198 (\u201c<strong><em>Pacific Chemicals<\/em><\/strong>\u201d), where the sudden malfunction of a measuring gauge (the cause) led to the gradual solidification of phthalic acid stored in a tank (the loss or damage). The Court found that the loss or damage suffered, having taken place \u201c<em>over a period of time<\/em>\u201d, was not \u2018sudden\u2019 in nature.<\/p>\n<p><u>Secondly<\/u>, \u2018sudden\u2019 is frequently used in conjunction with \u2018unforeseen\u2019 (see again the Munich Re wording above). In such cases, it is clear that \u2018sudden\u2019 must connote something other than \u2018unforeseen\u2019 or \u2018unexpected\u2019 (as to construe it otherwise would render \u2018sudden\u2019 superfluous). The tenor of relevant case law, as noted by Paul Reed KC in the textbook <em>Construction All-Risks Insurance<\/em>, suggests that \u2018sudden\u2019 should be construed in this context as importing a need for \u201c<em>dramatic change to have occurred during a relatively short period of time<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>\u2018Sudden\u2019 may, however, have a different meaning when used alone. The New Zealand and Australian Courts have understood the word \u2018sudden\u2019 (when used alone) to mean \u2018unforeseen\u2019 or \u2018unexpected\u2019: see <em>New Zealand Municipalities Co-Operative Insurance Co Ltd v City of Tauranga<\/em> (unreported) and <em>Sun Alliance &amp; London Insurance Group v North West Iron Co Ltd<\/em> [1974] 2 N.S.W.L.R. 625.<\/p>\n<p><u>Thirdly<\/u>, \u2018sudden\u2019 (when used in the context of \u2018sudden and unforeseen\u2019) should not be equated with \u2018instantaneous\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>In <em>Pacific Chemicals<\/em>, the Court found that the caving-in of a storage tank that had occurred rapidly (but not necessarily instantaneously) should be regarded as \u2018sudden\u2019 loss or damage.<\/p>\n<p>That said, in appropriate cases, much longer periods of time could still be considered \u2018sudden\u2019. As noted in <em>Construction All-Risks Insurance<\/em>, the interpretation of the word \u2018sudden\u2019 is a context-sensitive exercise. For instance, in assessing whether there has been \u2018sudden\u2019 damage under a mining project policy in the form of a change in ground conditions, it may be appropriate to apply a geological timescale; on this interpretation, a change in ground conditions taking place over several days (or possibly even months) might well still be considered \u2018sudden\u2019.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u2018UNFORESEEN\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u2018Unforseen\u2019 also imports a different meaning from \u2018fortuitous\u2019. Accordingly, the express inclusion of \u2018unforeseen\u2019 narrows the scope of cover; the loss or damage must at minimum be \u2018unforeseen\u2019 (in addition to being \u2018fortuitous\u2019) in order for the policy to respond.<\/p>\n<p>Nevertheless, it is not generally difficult to establish that an occurrence was unforeseen; all that needs to be shown is that the loss or damage was \u2018unanticipated\u2019 or \u2018unexpected\u2019 from the perspective of the insured. Thus in <em>Pacific Chemicals<\/em>, one head of damage, namely the solidification of phthalic acid (see above), was caused by the lowering of the temperature in the relevant tank. The Court found that the solidification was not an expected consequence of that process and the damage thus fell within the ambit of \u2018unforeseen\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>It should be noted that fortuity and foreseeability are separate concepts. The question of whether damage is fortuitous hinges on whether the damage was caused by chance (rather than being inevitable) and was non-deliberate. Foreseeability is an entirely separate requirement that has no part to play in determining whether damage was fortuitous.<\/p>\n<p><strong>CONCLUSION<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>While there is not a large body of case law concerning the ambit of the words \u2018sudden\u2019 and \u2018unforeseen\u2019 (which is perhaps unsurprising given the prevalence of arbitration clauses in non-consumer insurance policies), the authorities would suggest that neither word should be read restrictively, and that considerable latitude should be afforded to insureds in establishing that an occurrence was \u2018sudden\u2019 and \u2018unforeseen\u2019.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/people\/eugene-lee\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Eugene Lee<\/a> is an Associate at Fenchurch Law<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Construction and engineering projects, being subject to a wide variety of risks, are invariably insured on an all-risks basis via [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":94,"featured_media":1471,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[247],"class_list":["post-1468","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","tag-construction-risks"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>When adjectives matter: How \u2018Accidental\u2019, \u2018Sudden\u2019 and \u2018Unforeseen\u2019 affect all-risks insurance cover - Fenchurch Law APAC<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/when-adjectives-matter\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"When adjectives matter: How \u2018Accidental\u2019, \u2018Sudden\u2019 and \u2018Unforeseen\u2019 affect all-risks insurance cover - Fenchurch Law APAC\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Construction and engineering projects, being subject to a wide variety of risks, are invariably insured on an all-risks basis via [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/when-adjectives-matter\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Fenchurch Law APAC\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-05T18:04:06+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-07T10:09:20+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/11\/shutterstock_667100452-scaled.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1709\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Eugene Lee\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Eugene Lee\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fenchurchlaw.com\\\/en-sg\\\/when-adjectives-matter\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fenchurchlaw.com\\\/en-sg\\\/when-adjectives-matter\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Eugene Lee\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fenchurchlaw.com\\\/en-sg\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/eabdc543d8a53016422aa69705afa898\"},\"headline\":\"When adjectives matter: How \u2018Accidental\u2019, \u2018Sudden\u2019 and \u2018Unforeseen\u2019 affect all-risks insurance cover\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-11-05T18:04:06+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-07T10:09:20+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fenchurchlaw.com\\\/en-sg\\\/when-adjectives-matter\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1312,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fenchurchlaw.com\\\/en-sg\\\/when-adjectives-matter\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fenchurchlaw.com\\\/en-sg\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/7\\\/2024\\\/11\\\/shutterstock_667100452-scaled.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Construction Risks\"],\"articleSection\":[\"News\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/fenchurchlaw.com\\\/en-sg\\\/when-adjectives-matter\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fenchurchlaw.com\\\/en-sg\\\/when-adjectives-matter\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fenchurchlaw.com\\\/en-sg\\\/when-adjectives-matter\\\/\",\"name\":\"When adjectives matter: How \u2018Accidental\u2019, \u2018Sudden\u2019 and \u2018Unforeseen\u2019 affect all-risks insurance cover - Fenchurch Law APAC\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fenchurchlaw.com\\\/en-sg\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fenchurchlaw.com\\\/en-sg\\\/when-adjectives-matter\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fenchurchlaw.com\\\/en-sg\\\/when-adjectives-matter\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fenchurchlaw.com\\\/en-sg\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/7\\\/2024\\\/11\\\/shutterstock_667100452-scaled.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-11-05T18:04:06+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-07T10:09:20+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fenchurchlaw.com\\\/en-sg\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/eabdc543d8a53016422aa69705afa898\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fenchurchlaw.com\\\/en-sg\\\/when-adjectives-matter\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/fenchurchlaw.com\\\/en-sg\\\/when-adjectives-matter\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fenchurchlaw.com\\\/en-sg\\\/when-adjectives-matter\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fenchurchlaw.com\\\/en-sg\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/7\\\/2024\\\/11\\\/shutterstock_667100452-scaled.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fenchurchlaw.com\\\/en-sg\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/7\\\/2024\\\/11\\\/shutterstock_667100452-scaled.jpg\",\"width\":2560,\"height\":1709},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fenchurchlaw.com\\\/en-sg\\\/when-adjectives-matter\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fenchurchlaw.com\\\/en-sg\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"When adjectives matter: How \u2018Accidental\u2019, \u2018Sudden\u2019 and \u2018Unforeseen\u2019 affect all-risks insurance cover\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fenchurchlaw.com\\\/en-sg\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fenchurchlaw.com\\\/en-sg\\\/\",\"name\":\"Fenchurch Law APAC\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fenchurchlaw.com\\\/en-sg\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fenchurchlaw.com\\\/en-sg\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/eabdc543d8a53016422aa69705afa898\",\"name\":\"Eugene Lee\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/6e4646bced25130693feafe668e89ee5065b1dd947b1ec095d12eb00bbb97df6?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/6e4646bced25130693feafe668e89ee5065b1dd947b1ec095d12eb00bbb97df6?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/6e4646bced25130693feafe668e89ee5065b1dd947b1ec095d12eb00bbb97df6?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Eugene Lee\"},\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fenchurchlaw.com\\\/en-sg\\\/author\\\/eugenelee\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"When adjectives matter: How \u2018Accidental\u2019, \u2018Sudden\u2019 and \u2018Unforeseen\u2019 affect all-risks insurance cover - Fenchurch Law APAC","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/when-adjectives-matter\/","og_locale":"en_GB","og_type":"article","og_title":"When adjectives matter: How \u2018Accidental\u2019, \u2018Sudden\u2019 and \u2018Unforeseen\u2019 affect all-risks insurance cover - Fenchurch Law APAC","og_description":"Construction and engineering projects, being subject to a wide variety of risks, are invariably insured on an all-risks basis via [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/when-adjectives-matter\/","og_site_name":"Fenchurch Law APAC","article_published_time":"2024-11-05T18:04:06+00:00","article_modified_time":"2024-11-07T10:09:20+00:00","og_image":[{"width":2560,"height":1709,"url":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/11\/shutterstock_667100452-scaled.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Eugene Lee","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Eugene Lee","Estimated reading time":"6 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/when-adjectives-matter\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/when-adjectives-matter\/"},"author":{"name":"Eugene Lee","@id":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/#\/schema\/person\/eabdc543d8a53016422aa69705afa898"},"headline":"When adjectives matter: How \u2018Accidental\u2019, \u2018Sudden\u2019 and \u2018Unforeseen\u2019 affect all-risks insurance cover","datePublished":"2024-11-05T18:04:06+00:00","dateModified":"2024-11-07T10:09:20+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/when-adjectives-matter\/"},"wordCount":1312,"commentCount":0,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/when-adjectives-matter\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/11\/shutterstock_667100452-scaled.jpg","keywords":["Construction Risks"],"articleSection":["News"],"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/when-adjectives-matter\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/when-adjectives-matter\/","url":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/when-adjectives-matter\/","name":"When adjectives matter: How \u2018Accidental\u2019, \u2018Sudden\u2019 and \u2018Unforeseen\u2019 affect all-risks insurance cover - Fenchurch Law APAC","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/when-adjectives-matter\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/when-adjectives-matter\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/11\/shutterstock_667100452-scaled.jpg","datePublished":"2024-11-05T18:04:06+00:00","dateModified":"2024-11-07T10:09:20+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/#\/schema\/person\/eabdc543d8a53016422aa69705afa898"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/when-adjectives-matter\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/when-adjectives-matter\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/when-adjectives-matter\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/11\/shutterstock_667100452-scaled.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/11\/shutterstock_667100452-scaled.jpg","width":2560,"height":1709},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/when-adjectives-matter\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"When adjectives matter: How \u2018Accidental\u2019, \u2018Sudden\u2019 and \u2018Unforeseen\u2019 affect all-risks insurance cover"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/#website","url":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/","name":"Fenchurch Law APAC","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/#\/schema\/person\/eabdc543d8a53016422aa69705afa898","name":"Eugene Lee","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/6e4646bced25130693feafe668e89ee5065b1dd947b1ec095d12eb00bbb97df6?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/6e4646bced25130693feafe668e89ee5065b1dd947b1ec095d12eb00bbb97df6?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/6e4646bced25130693feafe668e89ee5065b1dd947b1ec095d12eb00bbb97df6?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Eugene Lee"},"url":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/author\/eugenelee\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1468","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/94"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1468"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1468\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1476,"href":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1468\/revisions\/1476"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1471"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1468"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1468"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1468"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}