{"id":128,"date":"2018-12-20T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2018-12-20T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.hostingsystems.co.uk\/sg\/blog\/2018\/12\/20\/the-good-the-bad-the-ugly-100-cases-every-policyholder-needs-to-know-5-the-ugly-aig-v-woodman\/"},"modified":"2024-08-21T17:02:11","modified_gmt":"2024-08-21T16:02:11","slug":"the-good-the-bad-the-ugly-100-cases-every-policyholder-needs-to-know-5-the-ugly-aig-v-woodman","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/the-good-the-bad-the-ugly-100-cases-every-policyholder-needs-to-know-5-the-ugly-aig-v-woodman\/","title":{"rendered":"The Good, the Bad & the Ugly: 100 cases every policyholder needs to know. #5 (The Ugly). AIG v Woodman"},"content":{"rendered":"

Welcome to the latest in the series of blogs from Fenchurch Law: 100 cases every policyholder needs to know<\/em>.\u00a0 An opinionated and practical guide to the most important insurance decisions relating to the London \/ English insurance markets, all looked at from a pro-policyholder perspective.<\/p>\n

Some cases are correctly decided and positive for policyholders. We celebrate those cases as The Good.<\/em><\/p>\n

Some cases are, in our view, bad for policyholders, wrongly decided, and in need of being overturned. We highlight those decisions as The Bad<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Other cases are bad for policyholders but seem (even to our policyholder-tinted eyes) to be correctly decided. Those cases can trip up even the most honest policyholder with the most genuine claim. We put the hazard lights on those cases as The Ugly.<\/em><\/p>\n

At Fenchurch Law we love the insurance market. But we love policyholders just a little bit more.<\/p>\n

#5 (The Ugly)<\/p>\n

AIG Europe Ltd v Woodman & Ors<\/em> [2017] UKSC 18<\/p>\n

This decision represented the first time for almost 15 years in which an aggregation clause had been considered by the UK\u2019s highest court.\u00a0 We have categorised it as \u201cugly\u201d, not because we believe it was wrongly decided, but because it represents a missed opportunity by the Supreme Court to clarify an area which, absent that clarification, remains a likely source of disputes between policyholders and insurers.<\/p>\n

AIG v Woodman<\/em> arose out of a professional negligence claim against a firm of solicitors by 214 investors, who had invested in one or other of two developments, one in Turkey and one in Morocco.\u00a0 A firm of solicitors (\u201cthe Solicitors\u201d) were instructed in respect of both developments, and were meant to have a system whereby the investors\u2019 money was only to be released to purchase the development land once adequate security was in place.<\/p>\n

Both developments failed.\u00a0 It transpired that, owing to the Solicitors\u2019 negligence, the security had been wholly inadequate. The investors lost a total of \u00a310m, and sued the Solicitors<\/p>\n

The Solicitors had professional indemnity insurances with AIG, with a limit of \u00a33m per claim. The question therefore was whether, in light of the aggregation provision in the policy (\u201cthe Aggregation Clause\u201d), the Solicitors were facing one, two or 214 claims. The Aggregation Clause, taken from the SRA Minimum Terms & Conditions, aggregated all claims arising from:<\/p>\n

\u201c(i)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one act or omission;<\/em><\/p>\n

(ii)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one series of related acts of omissions;<\/em><\/p>\n

(iii)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 the same act or omission in a series of related matters or transactions;<\/em><\/p>\n

(iv)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 similar acts or omissions in a series of related matters or transactions \u2026\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

It was limb (iv) which was relevant here.<\/p>\n

At first instance, the Commercial Court held, and the parties subsequently accepted, that each claim had arisen out of a similar act\/omission.\u00a0 However, that still begged the question of whether each such similar act\/omission had occurred \u201cin a series of related matters or transactions\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

The decisions below<\/strong><\/p>\n

At first instance, the Commercial Court held that the Aggregation Clause required the transactions to be interdependent<\/em> in order for them to be \u201crelated\u201d.\u00a0 On that basis, the claims did not aggregate and there was ample cover to satisfy the investors\u2019 claims.<\/p>\n

The Court of Appeal disagreed.\u00a0 It said that the requirement for interdependence was going too far.\u00a0 Instead, what was necessary, for transactions to be \u201crelated\u201d, was an \u201cintrinsic\u201d<\/em> relationship – a relationship of some kind between the transactions relied on, rather than a relationship with some outside connecting factor, even if that extrinsic relationship were common to the transactions.\u00a0 However, the Court of Appeal declined to say whether there was, indeed, an intrinsic relationship here between the various transactions, and decided to remit that issue to the Commercial Court.<\/p>\n

The Supreme Court<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Supreme Court allowed AIG\u2019s appeal, and held that the Court of Appeal\u2019s requirement for an intrinsic relationship between the transactions was \u201cneither necessary nor appropriate\u201d<\/em>, and represented an unwarranted gloss on the terms of the Aggregation Clause.\u00a0 Instead, it held – somewhat lamely, it might be thought – that the word \u201crelated\u201d<\/em> simply required a \u201creal connection\u201d<\/em> between the transactions, \u201cor in other words they must in some way fit together\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

On that basis, it was held that all the transactions involving the Morocco development were sufficiently inter-connected, and, likewise, all those involving the Turkey development; but it was no<\/em>t the case (as AIG had submitted) that all the transactions in respect of both developments were inter-related.<\/p>\n

There were accordingly two claims and two indemnity limits, and a total of \u00a36m available as compensation for the investors.<\/p>\n

All this, however, provides very little guidance to policyholders and insurers in dispute over whether transactions are or are not \u201crelated\u201d,<\/em> other than where the factual situation is very similar to that in Woodman<\/em>.\u00a0 During the hearing at the Supreme Court, AIG\u2019s QC had come close to arguing that \u201crelated\u201d<\/em> should not be given any<\/em> gloss or interpretation, but that instead each time the parties to an insurance contract would themselves have to resolve, or require a court to determine, whether the transactions in question were \u201crelated\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

Lord Mance\u2019s response was dismissive:<\/p>\n

\u201cJust to leave the clause as it is \u2026 is not going to help anyone very much, is it? \u00a0It is like saying \u2018Brexit is Brexit\u2019.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

It is ironic, therefore, that for the Supreme Court simply to have held that \u201crelated\u201d<\/em> requires some \u201creal connection\u201d<\/em> was almost as unhelpful.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Welcome to the latest in the series of blogs from Fenchurch Law: 100 cases every policyholder needs to know.\u00a0 An […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":97,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[133],"tags":[252],"class_list":["post-128","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly","tag-brexit"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe Good, the Bad & the Ugly: 100 cases every policyholder needs to know. #5 (The Ugly). 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