{"id":115,"date":"2018-01-22T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2018-01-22T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.hostingsystems.co.uk\/sg\/blog\/2018\/01\/22\/bluebon-ltd-in-liquidation-v-1-ageas-uk-ltd-2-aviva-insurance-ltd-3-towergate-underwriting-group-ltd-2017\/"},"modified":"2024-08-21T17:02:13","modified_gmt":"2024-08-21T16:02:13","slug":"bluebon-ltd-in-liquidation-v-1-ageas-uk-ltd-2-aviva-insurance-ltd-3-towergate-underwriting-group-ltd-2017","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/bluebon-ltd-in-liquidation-v-1-ageas-uk-ltd-2-aviva-insurance-ltd-3-towergate-underwriting-group-ltd-2017\/","title":{"rendered":"Bluebon Ltd (in liquidation) \u2013 v \u2013 (1) Ageas (UK) Ltd (2) Aviva Insurance Ltd (3) Towergate Underwriting Group Ltd (2017)"},"content":{"rendered":"

What was the proper construction of an electrical installation inspection warranty?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bluebon Limited (\u2018Bluebon\u2019) brought proceedings against their insurers, Ageas and Aviva (\u2018the Insurers\u2019), and their broker, Towergate, following a fire at their premises at the Star Garter Hotel, West Lothian (\u2018the Hotel\u2019) on 15 October 2010.<\/p>\n

Bluebon had purchased the Hotel in December 2007, and the relevant insurance policy (\u2018the Policy\u2019) incepted on 3 December 2009, for a period of 12 months.<\/p>\n

The Policy contained the following Electrical Installation Inspection Warranty (\u2018the Warranty\u2019):<\/p>\n

\u201cIt is warranted that the electrical installation be inspected and tested every five years by a contractor approved by the National Inspection Council for Electrical Installation (NICEIC) and that any defects be remedied forthwith in accordance with the Regulations of the Institute of Electrical Engineers.\u201d<\/p>\n

The last electrical inspection at the Hotel had taken place in September 2003.<\/p>\n

The insurers asserted that there had been a breach of the Warranty since no inspection had been carried out in the 5-year period immediately prior to inception, with the result that the Policy was either voided or suspended from inception.<\/p>\n

At a hearing of preliminary issues, the Judge, Mr Justice Bryan, was required to determine the following:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. The proper construction of the Warranty \u2013 was the five-year period to be calculated from the date of the last electrical inspection, or from Policy inception?<\/li>\n
  2. Was the Warranty a True Warranty, a Suspensive Warranty, or a Risk Specific Condition Precedent, and what was the consequence of a breach?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

     <\/p>\n

    The First Issue<\/strong><\/p>\n

    The Insurers argued that the natural meaning of the Warranty was that the 5-year period had to be calculated from the date of the last inspection, and, if no inspection had been carried out in the last 5 years, the inspection would have to be undertaken prior to or immediately upon inception (with there being no cover until such inspection had taken place). In support of that analysis, they said that the Warranty did not require the inspection to occur within 5 years of inception, and that a reasonable person, having all the background knowledge available to the parties, would know that inspections needed to be undertaken regularly.<\/p>\n

    Bluebon argued, perhaps optimistically, that the proper construction of the words \u201cbe inspected and tested every five years\u201d meant \u201cevery five years starting with the date of imposition of the stipulation\u201d i.e. from Policy inception. In support, Bluebon said that the language of the Warranty was \u201cforward-looking\u201d, and that if the Insurers had intended otherwise, the Policy could have stated \u201chas been inspected and tested\u201d or \u201cis inspected and tested.\u201d<\/p>\n

    The Judge found that Bluebon\u2019s construction made no commercial sense in the context of a 12-month policy, and rendered the Warranty meaningless, since there would be no requirement for an electrical inspection until (at least) after the fourth annual renewal. This provided no protection from the risk of fire and, unsurprisingly, Bluebon\u2019s construction was rejected. It followed that Bluebon had not complied with the Warranty.<\/p>\n

    The Second Issue<\/strong><\/p>\n

    The Insurers\u2019 primary case was that the Warranty was a True Warranty i.e. a term which took effect as a condition precedent to the existence of any cover, such that the breach rendered the Policy void from inception. Alternatively, they said the warranty was a Suspensive Warranty, which had the effect of suspending cover during the period of the breach. Neither construction required a causal link between the breach and the fire, and, accordingly, the Insurers asserted that they had no liability to Bluebon.<\/p>\n

    Bluebon, by contrast, argued that the Warranty was a \u2018Risk-Specific Condition Precedent\u2019 i.e. a term which required compliance as a condition precedent to the Insurers\u2019 liability to provide cover in respect of risks relating to the electrical installation. Put another way, Bluebon said that unless the fire was caused by the electrical installation, their breach was irrelevant.<\/p>\n

    The Judge again rejected Bluebon\u2019s argument, finding that it would be entirely unbusinesslike for the Warranty to suspend cover in respect of losses arising from defects in the electrical installation (pending inspection of the installation), but not for losses arising out of the fire generally. The Judge\u2019s interpretation was that, while the Warranty was breached, there could be no cover for any losses arising out of fire.<\/p>\n

    Having regard to his findings on the proper meaning of the Warranty, the Judge found that the Warranty was a Suspensive Condition.<\/p>\n

    Insurance Act 2015 implications<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Although the outcome in Bluebon may not be particularly surprising, it is interesting to consider whether it would have been decided differently under the Insurance Act (\u2018the Act\u2019).<\/p>\n

    The Act does not change what an insurance warranty is, but does change the effect if breached. Under Section 11 of the Act, an insured will be protected in the event of a breach of warranty. Providing that it can show that the term was \u2018totally irrelevant to the loss\u2019 i.e. the breach \u201ccould not have increased the risk of the loss which actually occurred in the circumstances in which it occurred.\u201d<\/p>\n

    There are two interpretations of how Section 11 might have applied in Bluebon (or for that matter generally), both of which have been postulated by the Law Commission.<\/p>\n

    Under the \u2018non-causation\u2019 interpretation, the Insurers would have been entitled to rely upon the breach of the Warranty, because the absence of an electrical inspection might have made a difference, given the type of loss that occurred i.e. a fire. It would not have been open to Bluebon to argue that the fire would have started even if the electrical inspection had taken place.<\/p>\n

    Under the \u2018causation\u2019 interpretation, it would have been open to Bluebon to establish that the fire was due to some other cause, so that the Insurers would be liable under the Policy. That is because, in that scenario, the \u2018circumstances\u2019 of the loss were such that compliance with the Warranty would not have made any difference.<\/p>\n

    Of course, unless and until the true meaning of Section 11 is determined by the Courts (and, given its importance, the point is likely eventually to end up at the Supreme Court), the interpretation will doubtless remain a matter for debate.<\/p>\n

    Alexander Rosenfield<\/a> is an associate at Fenchurch Law<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    What was the proper construction of an electrical installation inspection warranty? Bluebon Limited (\u2018Bluebon\u2019) brought proceedings against their insurers, Ageas […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,12],"tags":[209,210,211,212,213,214,19,25,80,152],"class_list":["post-115","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news","category-case-law","tag-ageas","tag-aviva","tag-bluebon-ltd","tag-insurance-act-2015","tag-star-garter-hotel","tag-towergate-underwriting","tag-insurance","tag-insurers","tag-construction","tag-alexander-rosenfield"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nBluebon Ltd (in liquidation) \u2013 v \u2013 (1) Ageas (UK) Ltd (2) Aviva Insurance Ltd (3) Towergate Underwriting Group Ltd (2017) - Fenchurch Law APAC<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fenchurchlaw.com\/en-sg\/bluebon-ltd-in-liquidation-v-1-ageas-uk-ltd-2-aviva-insurance-ltd-3-towergate-underwriting-group-ltd-2017\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Bluebon Ltd (in liquidation) \u2013 v \u2013 (1) Ageas (UK) Ltd (2) Aviva Insurance Ltd (3) Towergate Underwriting Group Ltd (2017) - Fenchurch Law APAC\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"What was the proper construction of an electrical installation inspection warranty? 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